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# Table of Contents
1. [Changelog](#changelog)
2. [Moler info](#moler)
3. [Moler usage examples](#moler-usage-examples)
4. [API design reasoning](#api-design-reasoning)
5. [Designed API](#designed-api)
# Changelog
View our [chronological list](https://github.com/nokia/moler/CHANGELOG.md) of user-facing changes, large and small, made to the Moler project.
# Moler
Moler ([name origin](https://github.com/nokia/moler/wiki#moler-name-origin)) is a Python library
that provides "bricks" for building automated tests.
All these "bricks" have clearly defined responsibilities, have similar API,
follow same construction pattern (so new ones are easy to create).
Here they are:
* Commands as self-reliant object
* to allow for command triggering and parsing encapsulated in single object (lower maintenance cost)
* Event observers & callbacks (alarms are events example)
* to allow for online reaction (not offline postprocessing)
* Run observers/commands in the background
* to allow for test logic decomposition into multiple commands running in parallel
* to allow for handling unexpected system behavior (reboots, alarms)
* State machines -> automatic auto-connecting after dropped connection
* to increase framework auto-recovery and help in troubleshooting "what went wrong"
* Automatic logging of all connections towards devices used by tests
* to decrease investigation time by having logs focused on different parts of system under test
# Moler usage examples
Let's see Moler in action. Here is hypothetical use case: "find PIDs of all python processes":
```python
from moler.config import load_config
from moler.device import DeviceFactory
load_config(config='my_devices.yml') # description of available devices
my_unix = DeviceFactory.get_device(name='MyMachine') # take specific device out of available ones
ps_cmd = my_unix.get_cmd(cmd_name="ps", # take command of that device
cmd_params={"options": "-ef"})
processes_info = ps_cmd() # run the command, it returns result
for proc_info in processes_info:
if 'python' in proc_info['CMD']:
print("PID: {info[PID]} CMD: {info[CMD]}".format(info=proc_info))
```
* To have command we ask device "give me such command".
* To run command we just call it as function (command object is callable)
* What command returns is usually dict or list of dicts - easy to process
Above code displays:
```bash
PID: 1817 CMD: /usr/bin/python /usr/share/system-config-printer/applet.py
PID: 21825 CMD: /usr/bin/python /home/gl/moler/examples/command/unix_ps.py
```
How does it know what `'MyMachine'` means? Code loads definition from `my_devices.yml` configuration file:
```yaml
DEVICES:
MyMachine:
DEVICE_CLASS: moler.device.unixlocal.UnixLocal
RebexTestMachine:
DEVICE_CLASS: moler.device.unixremote.UnixRemote
CONNECTION_HOPS:
UNIX_LOCAL: # from state
UNIX_REMOTE: # to state
execute_command: ssh # via command
command_params: # with params
expected_prompt: demo@
host: test.rebex.net
login: demo
password: password
set_timeout: None # remote doesn't support: export TMOUT
```
We have remote machine in our config. Let's check if there is 'readme.txt' file
on that machine (and some info about the file):
```python
from moler.device import DeviceFactory
remote_unix = DeviceFactory.get_device(name='RebexTestMachine') # it starts in local shell
remote_unix.goto_state(state="UNIX_REMOTE") # make it go to remote shell
ls_cmd = remote_unix.get_cmd(cmd_name="ls", cmd_params={"options": "-l"})
remote_files = ls_cmd()
if 'readme.txt' in remote_files['files']:
print("readme.txt file:")
readme_file_info = remote_files['files']['readme.txt']
for attr in readme_file_info:
print(" {:<18}: {}".format(attr, readme_file_info[attr]))
```
As you may noticed device is state machine. State transitions are defined inside
configuration file under `CONNECTION_HOPS`. Please note, that it is only config file who
knows "I need to use ssh to be on remote" - client code just says "go to remote".
Thanks to that you can exchange "how to reach remote" without any change in main code.
Above code displays:
```bash
readme.txt file:
permissions : -rw-------
hard_links_count : 1
owner : demo
group : users
size_raw : 403
size_bytes : 403
date : Apr 08 2014
name : readme.txt
```
How about doing multiple things in parallel. Let's ping google
while asking test.rebex.net about readme.txt file:
```python
from moler.device import DeviceFactory
my_unix = DeviceFactory.get_device(name='MyMachine')
host = 'www.google.com'
ping_cmd = my_unix.get_cmd(cmd_name="ping", cmd_params={"destination": host, "options": "-w 6"})
remote_unix = DeviceFactory.get_device(name='RebexTestMachine')
remote_unix.goto_state(state="UNIX_REMOTE")
ls_cmd = remote_unix.get_cmd(cmd_name="ls", cmd_params={"options": "-l"})
print("Start pinging {} ...".format(host))
ping_cmd.start() # run command in background
print("Let's check readme.txt at {} while pinging {} ...".format(remote_unix.name, host))
remote_files = ls_cmd() # foreground "run in the meantime"
file_info = remote_files['files']['readme.txt']
print("readme.txt file: owner={fi[owner]}, size={fi[size_bytes]}".format(fi=file_info))
ping_stats = ping_cmd.await_done(timeout=6) # await background command
print("ping {}: {}={}, {}={} [{}]".format(host,'packet_loss',
ping_stats['packet_loss'],
'time_avg',
ping_stats['time_avg'],
ping_stats['time_unit']))
```
```log
Start pinging www.google.com ...
Let's check readme.txt at RebexTestMachine while pinging www.google.com ...
readme.txt file: owner=demo, size=403
ping www.google.com: packet_loss=0, time_avg=35.251 [ms]
```
Besides being callable command-object works as "Future" (result promise).
You can start it in background and later await till it is done to grab result.
If we enhance our configuration with logging related info:
```yaml
LOGGER:
PATH: ./logs
DATE_FORMAT: "%H:%M:%S"
```
then above code will automatically create Molers' main log (`moler.log`)
which shows activity on all devices:
```log
22:30:19.723 INFO moler |More logs in: ./logs
22:30:19.747 INFO MyMachine |Connection to: 'MyMachine' has been opened.
22:30:19.748 INFO MyMachine |Changed state from 'NOT_CONNECTED' into 'UNIX_LOCAL'
22:30:19.866 INFO MyMachine |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt':'[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' started.
22:30:19.901 INFO RebexTestMachine |Connection to: 'RebexTestMachine' has been opened.
22:30:19.901 INFO RebexTestMachine |Changed state from 'NOT_CONNECTED' into 'UNIX_LOCAL'
22:30:19.919 INFO RebexTestMachine |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt':'[re.compile('demo@')]' started.
22:30:19.920 INFO RebexTestMachine |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt':'[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' started.
22:30:19.921 INFO RebexTestMachine |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ssh.Ssh':'TERM=xterm-mono ssh -l demo test.rebex.net' started.
22:30:19.921 INFO RebexTestMachine |TERM=xterm-mono ssh -l demo test.rebex.net
22:30:20.763 INFO RebexTestMachine |*********
22:30:20.909 INFO RebexTestMachine |Changed state from 'UNIX_LOCAL' into 'UNIX_REMOTE'
22:30:20.917 INFO RebexTestMachine |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ssh.Ssh' finished.
22:30:20.919 INFO MyMachine |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ping.Ping':'ping www.google.com -w 6' started.
22:30:20.920 INFO MyMachine |ping www.google.com -w 6
22:30:20.920 INFO RebexTestMachine |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ls.Ls':'ls -l' started.
22:30:20.922 INFO RebexTestMachine |ls -l
22:30:20.985 INFO RebexTestMachine |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ls.Ls' finished.
22:30:26.968 INFO MyMachine |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ping.Ping' finished.
22:30:26.992 INFO RebexTestMachine |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt': '[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' finished.
22:30:27.011 INFO RebexTestMachine |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt': '[re.compile('demo@')]' finished.
22:30:27.032 INFO MyMachine |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt': '[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' finished.
```
As you may noticed main log shows code progress from high-level view - data
on connections are not visible, just activity of commands running on devices.
If you want to see in details what has happened on each device - you have it in device logs.
Moler creates log per each device
`moler.RebexTestMachine.log`:
```log
22:30:19.901 |Changed state from 'NOT_CONNECTED' into 'UNIX_LOCAL'
22:30:19.902 <|
22:30:19.919 |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt':'[re.compile('demo@')]' started.
22:30:19.920 |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt':'[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' started.
22:30:19.921 |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ssh.Ssh':'TERM=xterm-mono ssh -l demo test.rebex.net' started.
22:30:19.921 >|TERM=xterm-mono ssh -l demo test.rebex.net
22:30:19.924 <|TERM=xterm-mono ssh -l demo test.rebex.net
22:30:20.762 <|Password:
22:30:20.763 >|*********
22:30:20.763 <|
22:30:20.908 <|Welcome to Rebex Virtual Shell!
|For a list of supported commands, type 'help'.
|demo@ETNA:/$
22:30:20.909 |Changed state from 'UNIX_LOCAL' into 'UNIX_REMOTE'
22:30:20.917 |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ssh.Ssh' finished.
22:30:20.920 |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ls.Ls':'ls -l' started.
22:30:20.922 >|ls -l
22:30:20.974 <|ls -l
22:30:20.978 <|drwx------ 2 demo users 0 Jul 26 2017 .
22:30:20.979 <|drwx------ 2 demo users 0 Jul 26 2017 ..
|drwx------ 2 demo users 0 Dec 03 2015 aspnet_client
|drwx------ 2 demo users 0 Oct 27 2015 pub
|-rw------- 1 demo users 403 Apr 08 2014 readme.txt
|demo@ETNA:/$
22:30:20.985 |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ls.Ls' finished.
22:30:26.992 |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt': '[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' finished.
22:30:27.011 |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt': '[re.compile('demo@')]' finished.
```
and `moler.MyMachine.log`:
```log
22:30:19.748 |Changed state from 'NOT_CONNECTED' into 'UNIX_LOCAL'
22:30:19.748 <|
22:30:19.866 |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt':'[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' started.
22:30:20.919 |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ping.Ping':'ping www.google.com -w 6' started.
22:30:20.920 >|ping www.google.com -w 6
22:30:20.921 <|ping www.google.com -w 6
22:30:20.959 <|PING www.google.com (216.58.215.68) 56(84) bytes of data.
22:30:20.960 <|
22:30:21.000 <|64 bytes from waw02s16-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.215.68): icmp_seq=1 ttl=51 time=40.1 ms
22:30:21.001 <|
22:30:21.992 <|64 bytes from waw02s16-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.215.68): icmp_seq=2 ttl=51 time=31.0 ms
22:30:22.999 <|64 bytes from waw02s16-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.215.68): icmp_seq=3 ttl=51 time=36.5 ms
22:30:23.996 <|64 bytes from waw02s16-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.215.68): icmp_seq=4 ttl=51 time=31.4 ms
22:30:24.996 <|64 bytes from waw02s16-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.215.68): icmp_seq=5 ttl=51 time=29.8 ms
22:30:26.010 <|64 bytes from waw02s16-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.215.68): icmp_seq=6 ttl=51 time=42.4 ms
22:30:26.960 <|
|--- www.google.com ping statistics ---
|6 packets transmitted, 6 received, 0% packet loss, time 5007ms
|rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 29.888/35.251/42.405/4.786 ms
|moler_bash#
22:30:26.968 |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ping.Ping' finished.
22:30:27.032 |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt': '[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' finished.
```
If the log files are too large you can split files.
The log files can be split by size. For example let's assume we want split log files by 5 MB (5242880 bytes) and we want
to keep maximum 999 files:
```yaml
LOGGER:
PATH: ./logs
DATE_FORMAT: "%H:%M:%S"
LOG_ROTATION:
KIND: size
INTERVAL: 5242880
BACKUP_COUNT: 999 # Default value
```
The log files can be split by time. For example let's assume we want split log files every 30 minutes (1800 seconds)
and we want to keep maximum 999 files (default value):
```yaml
LOGGER:
PATH: ./logs
DATE_FORMAT: "%H:%M:%S"
LOG_ROTATION:
KIND: time
INTERVAL: 1800
BACKUP_COUNT: 999 # Default value
```
For space saving Moler can compress the logs after rotation. The external tool is used. Let's use the above examples
to show how to compress logs:
```yaml
LOGGER:
PATH: ./logs
DATE_FORMAT: "%H:%M:%S"
LOG_ROTATION:
KIND: size
INTERVAL: 5242880
BACKUP_COUNT: 999 # Default value
COMPRESS_AFTER_ROTATION: True # Default is False
COMPRESS_COMMAND: "zip -9mq {compressed} {log_input}" # Default value
COMPRESSED_FILE_EXTENSION: ".zip" # Default value
```
```yaml
LOGGER:
PATH: ./logs
DATE_FORMAT: "%H:%M:%S"
LOG_ROTATION:
KIND: time
INTERVAL: 1800
BACKUP_COUNT: 999 # Default value
COMPRESS_COMMAND: "zip -9mq {compressed} {log_input}" # Default value
COMPRESSED_FILE_EXTENSION: ".zip" # Default value
```
In a script we can also disable logging from device. Please use it very carefully. Investigation any issue may be
impossible if we don't have full logs.
```python
from moler.device import DeviceFactory
my_unix = DeviceFactory.get_device(name='MyMachine')
my_unix.disbale_logging() # to disable logging on device
my_unix.enable_logging() # to enable logging on device
```
In a script you can add suffix to all log files or only to files for specific devices. with disable logging from device.
```python
from moler.device import DeviceFactory
from moler.config.loggers import change_logging_suffix
change_logging_suffix(".suffix1") # all log files with suffix
change_logging_suffix(None) # all log files without suffx
my_unix = DeviceFactory.get_device(name='MyMachine')
my_unix.set_logging_suffix("device_suffix") # to add suffix to filename with logs
my_unix.set_logging_suffix(None) # to remove suffix from filename with logs
```
Previous examples ask device to create command. We can also create command ourselves
giving it connection to operate on:
```python
import time
from moler.cmd.unix.ping import Ping
from moler.connection_factory import get_connection
host = 'www.google.com'
terminal = get_connection(io_type='terminal', variant='threaded') # take connection
with terminal.open():
ping_cmd = Ping(connection=terminal.moler_connection,
destination=host, options="-w 6")
print("Start pinging {} ...".format(host))
ping_cmd.start()
print("Doing other stuff while pinging {} ...".format(host))
time.sleep(3)
ping_stats = ping_cmd.await_done(timeout=4)
print("ping {}: {}={}, {}={} [{}]".format(host,'packet_loss',
ping_stats['packet_loss'],
'time_avg',
ping_stats['time_avg'],
ping_stats['time_unit']))
```
Please note also that connection is context manager doing open/close actions.
```bash
Start pinging www.google.com ...
Doing other stuff while pinging www.google.com ...
ping www.google.com: packet_loss=0, time_avg=50.000 [ms]
```
## Reuse freedom
Library gives you freedom which part you want to reuse. We are fans of "take what you need only".
* You may use configuration files or configure things by Python calls.
```python
from moler.config import load_config
load_config(config={'DEVICES': {'MyMachine': {'DEVICE_CLASS': 'moler.device.unixlocal.UnixLocal'}}})
```
* You may use devices or create commands manually
* You can take connection or build it yourself:
```python
from moler.threaded_moler_connection import ThreadedMolerConnection
from moler.io.raw.terminal import ThreadedTerminal
terminal_connection = ThreadedTerminal(moler_connection=ThreadedMolerConnection())
```
* You can even install your own implementation in place of default implementation per connection type
# API design reasoning
The main goal of command is its usage simplicity: just run it and give me back its result.
Command hides from its caller:
* a way how it realizes "runs"
* how it gets data of output to be parsed
* how it parses that data
Command shows to its caller:
* API to start/stop it or await for its completion
* API to query for its result or result readiness
Command works as [Futures and promises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_and_promises)
After starting, we await for its result which is parsed out command output provided usually as dict.
Running that command and parsing its output may take some time, so till that point result computation is yet incomplete.
## Command as future
* it starts some command on device/shell over connection
(as future-function starts its execution)
* it parses data incoming over such connection
(as future-function does its processing)
* it stores result of that parsing
(as future-function concludes in calculation result)
* it provides means to return that result
(as future-function does via 'return' or 'yield' statement)
* its result is not ready "just-after" calling command
(as it is with future in contrast to function)
So command should have future API.
Quote from **_"Professional Python"_** by **Luke Sneeringer**:
> The Future is a standalone object. It is independent of the actual function that is running.
> It does nothing but store the state and result information.
Command differs in that it is both:
* function-like object performing computation
* future-like object storing result of that computation.
## Command vs. Connection-observer
Command is just "active version" of connection observer.
Connection observer is passive since it just observes connection for some data;
data that may just asynchronously appear (alarms, reboots or anything you want).
Intention here is split of responsibility: one observer is looking for alarms,
another one for reboots.
Command is active since it actively triggers some output on connection
by sending command-string over that connection. So, it activates some action
on device-behind-connection. That action is "command" in device terminology.
Like `ping` on bash console/device. And it produces that "command" output.
That output is what Moler's Command as connection-observer is looking for.
## Most well known Python's futures
* [concurrent.futures.Future](https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html)
* [asyncio.Future](https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#future)
| API | concurrent.futures.Future | asyncio.Future |
| :---------------------- | :------------------------------------------ | :-------------------------------------------------- |
| storing result | :white_check_mark: `set_result()` | :white_check_mark: `set_result()` |
| result retrieval | :white_check_mark: `result()` | :white_check_mark: `result()` |
| storing failure cause | :white_check_mark: `set_exception()` | :white_check_mark: `set_exception()` |
| failure cause retrieval | :white_check_mark: `exception()` | :white_check_mark: `exception()` |
| stopping | :white_check_mark: `cancel()` | :white_check_mark: `cancel()` |
| check if stopped | :white_check_mark: `cancelled()` | :white_check_mark: `cancelled()` |
| check if running | :white_check_mark: `running()` | :no_entry_sign: `(but AbstractEventLoop.running())` |
| check if completed | :white_check_mark: `done()` | :white_check_mark: `done()` |
| subscribe completion | :white_check_mark: `add_done_callback()` | :white_check_mark: `add_done_callback()` |
| unsubscribe completion | :no_entry_sign: | :white_check_mark: `remove_done_callback()` |
Starting callable to be run "as future" is done by entities external to future-object
| API | concurrent.futures<br>start via Executor objects (thread/proc) | asyncio<br>start via module-lvl functions or ev-loop |
| ---------------- | ---------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
| start callable | submit(fn, *args, **kwargs)<br>Schedules callable to be executed as<br>fn(*args **kwargs) -> Future | ensure_future(coro_or_future) -> Task<br>future = run_coroutine_threadsafe(coro, loop) |
| start same callable<br>on data iterator | map(fn, *iterables, timeout) -> iterator | join_future = asyncio.gather(*map(f, iterable))<br>loop.run_until_complete(join_future)|
Awaiting completion of future is done by entities external to future-object
| API | concurrent.futures<br>awaiting by module level functions | asyncio<br>awaiting by module-lvl functions or ev-loop |
| ----------------- | ------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------- |
| await completion | done, not_done = wait(futures, timeout) -> futures | done, not_done = await wait(futures)<br>results = await gather(futures)<br>result = await future<br>result = yield from future<br>result = await coroutine<br>result = yield from coroutine<br>result = yield from wait_for(future, timeout)<br>loop.run_until_complete(future) -> blocking run |
| process as they<br>complete | for done in as_completed(futures, timeout) -> futures | for done in as_completed(futures, timeout) -> futures |
## Fundamental difference of command
Contrary to **concurrent.futures** and **asyncio** we don't want command to be run by some external entity.
We want it to be self-executable for usage simplicity.
We want to take command and just say to it:
* **"run"** or **"run in background"**
* and not **"Hi, external runner, would you run/run-background that command for me"**
# Designed API
1. create command object
``` python
command = Command()
```
2. run it synchronously/blocking and get result in one shot behaves like function call since Command is callable.
Run-as-callable gives big advantage since it fits well in python ecosystem.
``` python
result = command()
```
function example:
``` python
map(ping_cmd, all_machines_to_validate_reachability)
```
3. run it asynchronously/nonblocking
``` python
command_as_future = command.start()
```
4. shift from background to foreground
**asyncio:** variant looks like:
``` python
result = await future
done_futures, pending = yield from asyncio.wait(futures)
result = yield from asyncio.wait_for(future, 60.0)
```
and **concurrent.futures** variant looks like:
``` python
done_futures, pending = wait(futures)
```
Moler's API maps to above well-known API
``` python
result = command.await_done(timeout)
```
* it is "internal" to command "Hi command, that is what I want from you" (above APIs say "Hi you there, that is what I want you to do with command")
* it directly (Zen of Python) shows what we are awaiting for
* timeout is required parameter (not as in concurrent.futures) since we don't expect endless execution of command (user must know what is worst case timeout to await command completion)
# Video introduction
You can [watch videos how to use Moler on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgToo2qq8kLMyEgzd4btM9g).
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"description": "[](https://pypi.org/project/moler/)\n[](https://pypi.org/project/moler/)\n[](https://github.com/nokia/moler/actions)\n[](./LICENSE)\n\n# Table of Contents\n1. [Changelog](#changelog)\n2. [Moler info](#moler)\n3. [Moler usage examples](#moler-usage-examples)\n4. [API design reasoning](#api-design-reasoning)\n5. [Designed API](#designed-api)\n\n# Changelog\nView our [chronological list](https://github.com/nokia/moler/CHANGELOG.md) of user-facing changes, large and small, made to the Moler project.\n\n\n# Moler\nMoler ([name origin](https://github.com/nokia/moler/wiki#moler-name-origin)) is a Python library\nthat provides \"bricks\" for building automated tests.\nAll these \"bricks\" have clearly defined responsibilities, have similar API,\nfollow same construction pattern (so new ones are easy to create).\n\nHere they are:\n* Commands as self-reliant object\n * to allow for command triggering and parsing encapsulated in single object (lower maintenance cost)\n* Event observers & callbacks (alarms are events example)\n * to allow for online reaction (not offline postprocessing)\n* Run observers/commands in the background\n * to allow for test logic decomposition into multiple commands running in parallel\n * to allow for handling unexpected system behavior (reboots, alarms)\n* State machines -> automatic auto-connecting after dropped connection\n * to increase framework auto-recovery and help in troubleshooting \"what went wrong\"\n* Automatic logging of all connections towards devices used by tests\n * to decrease investigation time by having logs focused on different parts of system under test\n\n# Moler usage examples\nLet's see Moler in action. Here is hypothetical use case: \"find PIDs of all python processes\":\n\n```python\n\nfrom moler.config import load_config\nfrom moler.device import DeviceFactory\n\nload_config(config='my_devices.yml') # description of available devices\nmy_unix = DeviceFactory.get_device(name='MyMachine') # take specific device out of available ones\nps_cmd = my_unix.get_cmd(cmd_name=\"ps\", # take command of that device\n cmd_params={\"options\": \"-ef\"})\n\nprocesses_info = ps_cmd() # run the command, it returns result\nfor proc_info in processes_info:\n if 'python' in proc_info['CMD']:\n print(\"PID: {info[PID]} CMD: {info[CMD]}\".format(info=proc_info))\n```\n\n* To have command we ask device \"give me such command\".\n* To run command we just call it as function (command object is callable)\n* What command returns is usually dict or list of dicts - easy to process\n\nAbove code displays:\n\n```bash\n\n PID: 1817 CMD: /usr/bin/python /usr/share/system-config-printer/applet.py\n PID: 21825 CMD: /usr/bin/python /home/gl/moler/examples/command/unix_ps.py\n```\n\nHow does it know what `'MyMachine'` means? Code loads definition from `my_devices.yml` configuration file:\n\n```yaml\n\n DEVICES:\n\n MyMachine:\n DEVICE_CLASS: moler.device.unixlocal.UnixLocal\n\n RebexTestMachine:\n DEVICE_CLASS: moler.device.unixremote.UnixRemote\n CONNECTION_HOPS:\n UNIX_LOCAL: # from state\n UNIX_REMOTE: # to state\n execute_command: ssh # via command\n command_params: # with params\n expected_prompt: demo@\n host: test.rebex.net\n login: demo\n password: password\n set_timeout: None # remote doesn't support: export TMOUT\n```\n\nWe have remote machine in our config. Let's check if there is 'readme.txt' file\non that machine (and some info about the file):\n\n```python\nfrom moler.device import DeviceFactory\nremote_unix = DeviceFactory.get_device(name='RebexTestMachine') # it starts in local shell\nremote_unix.goto_state(state=\"UNIX_REMOTE\") # make it go to remote shell\n\nls_cmd = remote_unix.get_cmd(cmd_name=\"ls\", cmd_params={\"options\": \"-l\"})\n\nremote_files = ls_cmd()\n\nif 'readme.txt' in remote_files['files']:\n print(\"readme.txt file:\")\n readme_file_info = remote_files['files']['readme.txt']\n for attr in readme_file_info:\n print(\" {:<18}: {}\".format(attr, readme_file_info[attr]))\n```\n\nAs you may noticed device is state machine. State transitions are defined inside\nconfiguration file under `CONNECTION_HOPS`. Please note, that it is only config file who\nknows \"I need to use ssh to be on remote\" - client code just says \"go to remote\".\nThanks to that you can exchange \"how to reach remote\" without any change in main code.\n\nAbove code displays:\n\n```bash\n\n readme.txt file:\n permissions : -rw-------\n hard_links_count : 1\n owner : demo\n group : users\n size_raw : 403\n size_bytes : 403\n date : Apr 08 2014\n name : readme.txt\n```\n\nHow about doing multiple things in parallel. Let's ping google\nwhile asking test.rebex.net about readme.txt file:\n\n```python\nfrom moler.device import DeviceFactory\nmy_unix = DeviceFactory.get_device(name='MyMachine')\nhost = 'www.google.com'\nping_cmd = my_unix.get_cmd(cmd_name=\"ping\", cmd_params={\"destination\": host, \"options\": \"-w 6\"})\n\nremote_unix = DeviceFactory.get_device(name='RebexTestMachine')\nremote_unix.goto_state(state=\"UNIX_REMOTE\")\nls_cmd = remote_unix.get_cmd(cmd_name=\"ls\", cmd_params={\"options\": \"-l\"})\n\nprint(\"Start pinging {} ...\".format(host))\nping_cmd.start() # run command in background\nprint(\"Let's check readme.txt at {} while pinging {} ...\".format(remote_unix.name, host))\n\nremote_files = ls_cmd() # foreground \"run in the meantime\"\nfile_info = remote_files['files']['readme.txt']\nprint(\"readme.txt file: owner={fi[owner]}, size={fi[size_bytes]}\".format(fi=file_info))\n\nping_stats = ping_cmd.await_done(timeout=6) # await background command\nprint(\"ping {}: {}={}, {}={} [{}]\".format(host,'packet_loss',\n ping_stats['packet_loss'],\n 'time_avg',\n ping_stats['time_avg'],\n ping_stats['time_unit']))\n```\n\n```log\nStart pinging www.google.com ...\nLet's check readme.txt at RebexTestMachine while pinging www.google.com ...\nreadme.txt file: owner=demo, size=403\nping www.google.com: packet_loss=0, time_avg=35.251 [ms]\n```\n\nBesides being callable command-object works as \"Future\" (result promise).\nYou can start it in background and later await till it is done to grab result.\n\nIf we enhance our configuration with logging related info:\n\n```yaml\n LOGGER:\n PATH: ./logs\n DATE_FORMAT: \"%H:%M:%S\"\n```\n\nthen above code will automatically create Molers' main log (`moler.log`)\nwhich shows activity on all devices:\n\n```log\n22:30:19.723 INFO moler |More logs in: ./logs\n22:30:19.747 INFO MyMachine |Connection to: 'MyMachine' has been opened.\n22:30:19.748 INFO MyMachine |Changed state from 'NOT_CONNECTED' into 'UNIX_LOCAL'\n22:30:19.866 INFO MyMachine |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt':'[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' started.\n22:30:19.901 INFO RebexTestMachine |Connection to: 'RebexTestMachine' has been opened.\n22:30:19.901 INFO RebexTestMachine |Changed state from 'NOT_CONNECTED' into 'UNIX_LOCAL'\n22:30:19.919 INFO RebexTestMachine |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt':'[re.compile('demo@')]' started.\n22:30:19.920 INFO RebexTestMachine |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt':'[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' started.\n22:30:19.921 INFO RebexTestMachine |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ssh.Ssh':'TERM=xterm-mono ssh -l demo test.rebex.net' started.\n22:30:19.921 INFO RebexTestMachine |TERM=xterm-mono ssh -l demo test.rebex.net\n22:30:20.763 INFO RebexTestMachine |*********\n22:30:20.909 INFO RebexTestMachine |Changed state from 'UNIX_LOCAL' into 'UNIX_REMOTE'\n22:30:20.917 INFO RebexTestMachine |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ssh.Ssh' finished.\n22:30:20.919 INFO MyMachine |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ping.Ping':'ping www.google.com -w 6' started.\n22:30:20.920 INFO MyMachine |ping www.google.com -w 6\n22:30:20.920 INFO RebexTestMachine |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ls.Ls':'ls -l' started.\n22:30:20.922 INFO RebexTestMachine |ls -l\n22:30:20.985 INFO RebexTestMachine |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ls.Ls' finished.\n22:30:26.968 INFO MyMachine |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ping.Ping' finished.\n22:30:26.992 INFO RebexTestMachine |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt': '[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' finished.\n22:30:27.011 INFO RebexTestMachine |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt': '[re.compile('demo@')]' finished.\n22:30:27.032 INFO MyMachine |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt': '[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' finished.\n\n```\n\nAs you may noticed main log shows code progress from high-level view - data\non connections are not visible, just activity of commands running on devices.\n\nIf you want to see in details what has happened on each device - you have it in device logs.\nMoler creates log per each device\n`moler.RebexTestMachine.log`:\n\n```log\n22:30:19.901 |Changed state from 'NOT_CONNECTED' into 'UNIX_LOCAL'\n22:30:19.902 <|\n22:30:19.919 |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt':'[re.compile('demo@')]' started.\n22:30:19.920 |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt':'[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' started.\n22:30:19.921 |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ssh.Ssh':'TERM=xterm-mono ssh -l demo test.rebex.net' started.\n22:30:19.921 >|TERM=xterm-mono ssh -l demo test.rebex.net\n\n22:30:19.924 <|TERM=xterm-mono ssh -l demo test.rebex.net\n\n22:30:20.762 <|Password:\n22:30:20.763 >|*********\n22:30:20.763 <|\n\n22:30:20.908 <|Welcome to Rebex Virtual Shell!\n |For a list of supported commands, type 'help'.\n |demo@ETNA:/$\n22:30:20.909 |Changed state from 'UNIX_LOCAL' into 'UNIX_REMOTE'\n22:30:20.917 |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ssh.Ssh' finished.\n22:30:20.920 |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ls.Ls':'ls -l' started.\n22:30:20.922 >|ls -l\n\n22:30:20.974 <|ls -l\n\n22:30:20.978 <|drwx------ 2 demo users 0 Jul 26 2017 .\n\n22:30:20.979 <|drwx------ 2 demo users 0 Jul 26 2017 ..\n |drwx------ 2 demo users 0 Dec 03 2015 aspnet_client\n |drwx------ 2 demo users 0 Oct 27 2015 pub\n |-rw------- 1 demo users 403 Apr 08 2014 readme.txt\n |demo@ETNA:/$\n22:30:20.985 |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ls.Ls' finished.\n22:30:26.992 |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt': '[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' finished.\n22:30:27.011 |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt': '[re.compile('demo@')]' finished.\n```\n\nand `moler.MyMachine.log`:\n\n```log\n22:30:19.748 |Changed state from 'NOT_CONNECTED' into 'UNIX_LOCAL'\n22:30:19.748 <|\n22:30:19.866 |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt':'[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' started.\n22:30:20.919 |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ping.Ping':'ping www.google.com -w 6' started.\n22:30:20.920 >|ping www.google.com -w 6\n\n22:30:20.921 <|ping www.google.com -w 6\n\n22:30:20.959 <|PING www.google.com (216.58.215.68) 56(84) bytes of data.\n22:30:20.960 <|\n\n22:30:21.000 <|64 bytes from waw02s16-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.215.68): icmp_seq=1 ttl=51 time=40.1 ms\n22:30:21.001 <|\n\n22:30:21.992 <|64 bytes from waw02s16-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.215.68): icmp_seq=2 ttl=51 time=31.0 ms\n\n22:30:22.999 <|64 bytes from waw02s16-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.215.68): icmp_seq=3 ttl=51 time=36.5 ms\n\n22:30:23.996 <|64 bytes from waw02s16-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.215.68): icmp_seq=4 ttl=51 time=31.4 ms\n\n22:30:24.996 <|64 bytes from waw02s16-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.215.68): icmp_seq=5 ttl=51 time=29.8 ms\n\n22:30:26.010 <|64 bytes from waw02s16-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.215.68): icmp_seq=6 ttl=51 time=42.4 ms\n\n22:30:26.960 <|\n |--- www.google.com ping statistics ---\n |6 packets transmitted, 6 received, 0% packet loss, time 5007ms\n |rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 29.888/35.251/42.405/4.786 ms\n |moler_bash#\n22:30:26.968 |Command 'moler.cmd.unix.ping.Ping' finished.\n22:30:27.032 |Event 'moler.events.unix.wait4prompt.Wait4prompt': '[re.compile('^moler_bash#')]' finished.\n```\n\nIf the log files are too large you can split files.\n\nThe log files can be split by size. For example let's assume we want split log files by 5 MB (5242880 bytes) and we want\nto keep maximum 999 files:\n```yaml\n LOGGER:\n PATH: ./logs\n DATE_FORMAT: \"%H:%M:%S\"\n LOG_ROTATION:\n KIND: size\n INTERVAL: 5242880\n BACKUP_COUNT: 999 # Default value\n\n\n```\n\nThe log files can be split by time. For example let's assume we want split log files every 30 minutes (1800 seconds)\n and we want to keep maximum 999 files (default value):\n\n```yaml\n LOGGER:\n PATH: ./logs\n DATE_FORMAT: \"%H:%M:%S\"\n LOG_ROTATION:\n KIND: time\n INTERVAL: 1800\n BACKUP_COUNT: 999 # Default value\n```\n\nFor space saving Moler can compress the logs after rotation. The external tool is used. Let's use the above examples\nto show how to compress logs:\n\n```yaml\n LOGGER:\n PATH: ./logs\n DATE_FORMAT: \"%H:%M:%S\"\n LOG_ROTATION:\n KIND: size\n INTERVAL: 5242880\n BACKUP_COUNT: 999 # Default value\n COMPRESS_AFTER_ROTATION: True # Default is False\n COMPRESS_COMMAND: \"zip -9mq {compressed} {log_input}\" # Default value\n COMPRESSED_FILE_EXTENSION: \".zip\" # Default value\n\n\n```\n\n```yaml\n LOGGER:\n PATH: ./logs\n DATE_FORMAT: \"%H:%M:%S\"\n LOG_ROTATION:\n KIND: time\n INTERVAL: 1800\n BACKUP_COUNT: 999 # Default value\n COMPRESS_COMMAND: \"zip -9mq {compressed} {log_input}\" # Default value\n COMPRESSED_FILE_EXTENSION: \".zip\" # Default value\n```\n\nIn a script we can also disable logging from device. Please use it very carefully. Investigation any issue may be\n impossible if we don't have full logs.\n\n```python\nfrom moler.device import DeviceFactory\nmy_unix = DeviceFactory.get_device(name='MyMachine')\n\nmy_unix.disbale_logging() # to disable logging on device\n\nmy_unix.enable_logging() # to enable logging on device\n```\n\nIn a script you can add suffix to all log files or only to files for specific devices. with disable logging from device.\n\n```python\nfrom moler.device import DeviceFactory\nfrom moler.config.loggers import change_logging_suffix\nchange_logging_suffix(\".suffix1\") # all log files with suffix\nchange_logging_suffix(None) # all log files without suffx\n\nmy_unix = DeviceFactory.get_device(name='MyMachine')\n\nmy_unix.set_logging_suffix(\"device_suffix\") # to add suffix to filename with logs\n\nmy_unix.set_logging_suffix(None) # to remove suffix from filename with logs\n```\n\nPrevious examples ask device to create command. We can also create command ourselves\ngiving it connection to operate on:\n\n```python\n\nimport time\nfrom moler.cmd.unix.ping import Ping\nfrom moler.connection_factory import get_connection\n\nhost = 'www.google.com'\nterminal = get_connection(io_type='terminal', variant='threaded') # take connection\nwith terminal.open():\n ping_cmd = Ping(connection=terminal.moler_connection,\n destination=host, options=\"-w 6\")\n print(\"Start pinging {} ...\".format(host))\n ping_cmd.start()\n print(\"Doing other stuff while pinging {} ...\".format(host))\n time.sleep(3)\n ping_stats = ping_cmd.await_done(timeout=4)\n print(\"ping {}: {}={}, {}={} [{}]\".format(host,'packet_loss',\n ping_stats['packet_loss'],\n 'time_avg',\n ping_stats['time_avg'],\n ping_stats['time_unit']))\n```\n\nPlease note also that connection is context manager doing open/close actions.\n\n\n```bash\n\n Start pinging www.google.com ...\n Doing other stuff while pinging www.google.com ...\n ping www.google.com: packet_loss=0, time_avg=50.000 [ms]\n```\n\n## Reuse freedom\nLibrary gives you freedom which part you want to reuse. We are fans of \"take what you need only\".\n* You may use configuration files or configure things by Python calls.\n\n ```python\n from moler.config import load_config\n load_config(config={'DEVICES': {'MyMachine': {'DEVICE_CLASS': 'moler.device.unixlocal.UnixLocal'}}})\n ```\n* You may use devices or create commands manually\n* You can take connection or build it yourself:\n\n ```python\n from moler.threaded_moler_connection import ThreadedMolerConnection\n from moler.io.raw.terminal import ThreadedTerminal\n\n terminal_connection = ThreadedTerminal(moler_connection=ThreadedMolerConnection())\n ```\n* You can even install your own implementation in place of default implementation per connection type\n\n# API design reasoning\nThe main goal of command is its usage simplicity: just run it and give me back its result.\n\nCommand hides from its caller:\n* a way how it realizes \"runs\"\n* how it gets data of output to be parsed\n* how it parses that data\n\nCommand shows to its caller:\n* API to start/stop it or await for its completion\n* API to query for its result or result readiness\n\nCommand works as [Futures and promises](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_and_promises)\n\nAfter starting, we await for its result which is parsed out command output provided usually as dict.\nRunning that command and parsing its output may take some time, so till that point result computation is yet incomplete.\n\n## Command as future\n* it starts some command on device/shell over connection\n (as future-function starts its execution)\n* it parses data incoming over such connection\n (as future-function does its processing)\n* it stores result of that parsing\n (as future-function concludes in calculation result)\n* it provides means to return that result\n (as future-function does via 'return' or 'yield' statement)\n* its result is not ready \"just-after\" calling command\n (as it is with future in contrast to function)\n\nSo command should have future API.\n\nQuote from **_\"Professional Python\"_** by **Luke Sneeringer**:\n> The Future is a standalone object. It is independent of the actual function that is running.\n> It does nothing but store the state and result information.\n\nCommand differs in that it is both:\n* function-like object performing computation\n* future-like object storing result of that computation.\n\n## Command vs. Connection-observer\nCommand is just \"active version\" of connection observer.\n\nConnection observer is passive since it just observes connection for some data;\ndata that may just asynchronously appear (alarms, reboots or anything you want).\nIntention here is split of responsibility: one observer is looking for alarms,\nanother one for reboots.\n\nCommand is active since it actively triggers some output on connection\nby sending command-string over that connection. So, it activates some action\non device-behind-connection. That action is \"command\" in device terminology.\nLike `ping` on bash console/device. And it produces that \"command\" output.\nThat output is what Moler's Command as connection-observer is looking for.\n\n## Most well known Python's futures\n* [concurrent.futures.Future](https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html)\n* [asyncio.Future](https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-task.html#future)\n\n| API | concurrent.futures.Future | asyncio.Future |\n| :---------------------- | :------------------------------------------ | :-------------------------------------------------- |\n| storing result | :white_check_mark: `set_result()` | :white_check_mark: `set_result()` |\n| result retrieval | :white_check_mark: `result()` | :white_check_mark: `result()` |\n| storing failure cause | :white_check_mark: `set_exception()` | :white_check_mark: `set_exception()` |\n| failure cause retrieval | :white_check_mark: `exception()` | :white_check_mark: `exception()` |\n| stopping | :white_check_mark: `cancel()` | :white_check_mark: `cancel()` |\n| check if stopped | :white_check_mark: `cancelled()` | :white_check_mark: `cancelled()` |\n| check if running | :white_check_mark: `running()` | :no_entry_sign: `(but AbstractEventLoop.running())` |\n| check if completed | :white_check_mark: `done()` | :white_check_mark: `done()` |\n| subscribe completion | :white_check_mark: `add_done_callback()` | :white_check_mark: `add_done_callback()` |\n| unsubscribe completion | :no_entry_sign: | :white_check_mark: `remove_done_callback()` |\n\nStarting callable to be run \"as future\" is done by entities external to future-object\n\n| API | concurrent.futures<br>start via Executor objects (thread/proc) | asyncio<br>start via module-lvl functions or ev-loop |\n| ---------------- | ---------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |\n| start callable | submit(fn, *args, **kwargs)<br>Schedules callable to be executed as<br>fn(*args **kwargs) -> Future | ensure_future(coro_or_future) -> Task<br>future = run_coroutine_threadsafe(coro, loop) |\n| start same callable<br>on data iterator | map(fn, *iterables, timeout) -> iterator | join_future = asyncio.gather(*map(f, iterable))<br>loop.run_until_complete(join_future)|\n\nAwaiting completion of future is done by entities external to future-object\n\n| API | concurrent.futures<br>awaiting by module level functions | asyncio<br>awaiting by module-lvl functions or ev-loop |\n| ----------------- | ------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------- |\n| await completion | done, not_done = wait(futures, timeout) -> futures | done, not_done = await wait(futures)<br>results = await gather(futures)<br>result = await future<br>result = yield from future<br>result = await coroutine<br>result = yield from coroutine<br>result = yield from wait_for(future, timeout)<br>loop.run_until_complete(future) -> blocking run |\n| process as they<br>complete | for done in as_completed(futures, timeout) -> futures | for done in as_completed(futures, timeout) -> futures |\n\n## Fundamental difference of command\nContrary to **concurrent.futures** and **asyncio** we don't want command to be run by some external entity.\nWe want it to be self-executable for usage simplicity.\nWe want to take command and just say to it:\n* **\"run\"** or **\"run in background\"**\n* and not **\"Hi, external runner, would you run/run-background that command for me\"**\n\n# Designed API\n1. create command object\n``` python\ncommand = Command()\n```\n\n2. run it synchronously/blocking and get result in one shot behaves like function call since Command is callable.\n\nRun-as-callable gives big advantage since it fits well in python ecosystem.\n``` python\nresult = command()\n```\nfunction example:\n``` python\nmap(ping_cmd, all_machines_to_validate_reachability)\n```\n\n3. run it asynchronously/nonblocking\n``` python\ncommand_as_future = command.start()\n```\n\n4. shift from background to foreground\n\n**asyncio:** variant looks like:\n``` python\nresult = await future\ndone_futures, pending = yield from asyncio.wait(futures)\nresult = yield from asyncio.wait_for(future, 60.0)\n```\nand **concurrent.futures** variant looks like:\n``` python\ndone_futures, pending = wait(futures)\n```\nMoler's API maps to above well-known API\n``` python\nresult = command.await_done(timeout)\n```\n* it is \"internal\" to command \"Hi command, that is what I want from you\" (above APIs say \"Hi you there, that is what I want you to do with command\")\n* it directly (Zen of Python) shows what we are awaiting for\n* timeout is required parameter (not as in concurrent.futures) since we don't expect endless execution of command (user must know what is worst case timeout to await command completion)\n\n# Video introduction\nYou can [watch videos how to use Moler on YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgToo2qq8kLMyEgzd4btM9g).\n",
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