# uv
[](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv)
[](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/uv)
[](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/uv)
[](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/uv)
[](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/actions)
[](https://discord.gg/astral-sh)
An extremely fast Python package installer and resolver, written in Rust. Designed as a drop-in
replacement for common `pip` and `pip-tools` workflows.
<p align="center">
<img alt="Shows a bar chart with benchmark results." src="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/assets/1309177/629e59c0-9c6e-4013-9ad4-adb2bcf5080d">
</p>
<p align="center">
<i>Installing the Trio dependencies with a warm cache.</i>
</p>
## Highlights
- ⚖️ Drop-in replacement for common `pip`, `pip-tools`, and `virtualenv` commands.
- ⚡️ [10-100x faster](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/main/BENCHMARKS.md) than `pip`
and `pip-tools` (`pip-compile` and `pip-sync`).
- 💾 Disk-space efficient, with a global cache for dependency deduplication.
- 🐍 Installable via `curl`, `pip`, `pipx`, etc. uv is a static binary that can be installed
without Rust or Python.
- 🧪 Tested at-scale against the top 10,000 PyPI packages.
- 🖥️ Support for macOS, Linux, and Windows.
- 🧰 Advanced features such as [dependency version overrides](#dependency-overrides) and
[alternative resolution strategies](#resolution-strategy).
- ⁉️ Best-in-class error messages with a conflict-tracking resolver.
- 🤝 Support for a wide range of advanced `pip` features, including editable installs, Git
dependencies, direct URL dependencies, local dependencies, constraints, source distributions,
HTML and JSON indexes, and more.
uv is backed by [Astral](https://astral.sh), the creators of [Ruff](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff).
## Getting Started
Install uv with our standalone installers, or from [PyPI](https://pypi.org/project/uv/):
```shell
# On macOS and Linux.
curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
# On Windows.
powershell -c "irm https://astral.sh/uv/install.ps1 | iex"
# With pip.
pip install uv
# With pipx.
pipx install uv
# With Homebrew.
brew install uv
# With Pacman.
pacman -S uv
```
To create a virtual environment:
```shell
uv venv # Create a virtual environment at .venv.
```
To activate the virtual environment:
```shell
# On macOS and Linux.
source .venv/bin/activate
# On Windows.
.venv\Scripts\activate
```
To install a package into the virtual environment:
```shell
uv pip install flask # Install Flask.
uv pip install -r requirements.txt # Install from a requirements.txt file.
uv pip install -e . # Install the current project in editable mode.
uv pip install "package @ ." # Install the current project from disk.
uv pip install "flask[dotenv]" # Install Flask with "dotenv" extra.
```
To generate a set of locked dependencies:
```shell
uv pip compile requirements.in -o requirements.txt # Read a requirements.in file.
uv pip compile pyproject.toml -o requirements.txt # Read a pyproject.toml file.
uv pip compile setup.py -o requirements.txt # Read a setup.py file.
echo flask | uv pip compile - -o requirements.txt # Read from stdin.
uv pip freeze | uv pip compile - -o requirements.txt # Lock the current environment.
```
To sync a set of locked dependencies with the virtual environment:
```shell
uv pip sync requirements.txt # Install from a requirements.txt file.
```
uv's `pip-install` and `pip-compile` commands support many of the same command-line arguments
as existing tools, including `-r requirements.txt`, `-c constraints.txt`, `-e .` (for editable
installs), `--index-url`, and more.
## Limitations
While uv supports a large subset of the `pip` interface, it does not support the entire feature set.
In some cases, those differences are intentional; in others, they're a result of uv's early stage of
development.
For details, see our [`pip` compatibility guide](./PIP_COMPATIBILITY.md).
Like `pip-compile`, uv generates a platform-specific `requirements.txt` file (unlike, e.g.,
`poetry` and `pdm`, which generate platform-agnostic `poetry.lock` and `pdm.lock` files). As such,
uv's `requirements.txt` files may not be portable across platforms and Python versions.
## Roadmap
uv is an extremely fast Python package resolver and installer, designed as a drop-in
replacement for `pip`, `pip-tools` (`pip-compile` and `pip-sync`), and `virtualenv`.
uv represents an intermediary goal in our pursuit of a ["Cargo for Python"](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/05/05/cargo-pillars.html#pillars-of-cargo):
a comprehensive project and package manager that is extremely fast, reliable, and easy to use.
Think: a single binary that bootstraps your Python installation and gives you everything you need to
be productive with Python, bundling not only `pip`, `pip-tools`, and `virtualenv`, but also `pipx`,
`tox`, `poetry`, `pyenv`, `ruff`, and more.
Our goal is to evolve uv into such a tool.
In the meantime, though, the narrower `pip-tools` scope allows us to solve the low-level problems
involved in building such a tool (like package installation) while shipping something immediately
useful with a minimal barrier to adoption.
## Advanced Usage
### Python discovery
uv itself does not depend on Python, but it does need to locate a Python environment to (1)
install dependencies into the environment and (2) build source distributions.
When running `pip sync` or `pip install`, uv will search for a virtual environment in the
following order:
- An activated virtual environment based on the `VIRTUAL_ENV` environment variable.
- An activated Conda environment based on the `CONDA_PREFIX` environment variable.
- A virtual environment at `.venv` in the current directory, or in the nearest parent directory.
If no virtual environment is found, uv will prompt the user to create one in the current
directory via `uv venv`.
When running `pip compile`, uv does not _require_ a virtual environment and will search for a
Python interpreter in the following order:
- An activated virtual environment based on the `VIRTUAL_ENV` environment variable.
- An activated Conda environment based on the `CONDA_PREFIX` environment variable.
- A virtual environment at `.venv` in the current directory, or in the nearest parent directory.
- The Python interpreter available as `python3` on macOS and Linux, or `python.exe` on Windows.
If a `--python-version` is provided to `pip compile` (e.g., `--python-version=3.7`), uv will
search for a Python interpreter matching that version in the following order:
- An activated virtual environment based on the `VIRTUAL_ENV` environment variable.
- An activated Conda environment based on the `CONDA_PREFIX` environment variable.
- A virtual environment at `.venv` in the current directory, or in the nearest parent directory.
- The Python interpreter available as, e.g., `python3.7` on macOS and Linux.
- The Python interpreter available as `python3` on macOS and Linux, or `python.exe` on Windows.
- On Windows, the Python interpreter returned by `py --list-paths` that matches the requested
version.
### Installing into arbitrary Python environments
Since uv has no dependency on Python, it can even install into virtual environments other than
its own. For example, setting `VIRTUAL_ENV=/path/to/venv` will cause uv to install into
`/path/to/venv`, no matter where uv is installed.
uv can also install into arbitrary, even non-virtual environments by providing a `--python` argument
to `uv pip sync` or `uv pip install`. For example, `uv pip install --python=/path/to/python` will
install into the environment linked to the `/path/to/python` interpreter.
For convenience, `uv pip install --system` will install into the system Python environment, as an
approximate shorthand for, e.g., `uv pip install --python=$(which python3)`. Though we generally
recommend the use of virtual environments for dependency management, `--system` is intended to
enable the use of uv in continuous integration and containerized environments.
Installing into system Python across platforms and distributions is notoriously difficult. uv
supports the common cases, but will not work in all cases. For example, installing into system
Python on Debian prior to Python 3.10 is unsupported due to the [distribution's patching
of `distutils` (but not `sysconfig`)](https://ffy00.github.io/blog/02-python-debian-and-the-install-locations/).
While we always recommend the use of virtual environments, uv considers them to be required in
these non-standard environments.
### Git authentication
uv allows packages to be installed from Git and supports the following schemes for authenticating with private
repositories.
Using SSH:
- `git+ssh://git@<hostname>/...` (e.g. `git+ssh://git@github.com/astral-sh/uv`)
- `git+ssh://git@<host>/...` (e.g. `git+ssh://git@github.com-key-2/astral-sh/uv`)
See the [GitHub SSH documentation](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh/about-ssh) for more details on how to configure SSH.
Using a password or token:
- `git+https://<user>:<token>@<hostname>/...` (e.g. `git+https://git:github_pat_asdf@github.com/astral-sh/uv`)
- `git+https://<token>@<hostname>/...` (e.g. `git+https://github_pat_asdf@github.com/astral-sh/uv`)
- `git+https://<user>@<hostname>/...` (e.g. `git+https://git@github.com/astral-sh/uv`)
When using a GitHub personal access token, the username is arbitrary. GitHub does not support logging in with password directly, although other hosts may. If a username is provided without credentials, you will be prompted to enter them.
If there are no credentials present in the URL and authentication is needed, the [Git credential helper](https://git-scm.com/doc/credential-helpers) will be queried.
### HTTP authentication
uv supports credentials over HTTP when querying package registries.
Authentication can come from the following sources, in order of precedence:
- The URL, e.g., `https://<user>:<password>@<hostname>/...`
- A [`netrc`](https://everything.curl.dev/usingcurl/netrc) configuration file
- A [keyring](https://github.com/jaraco/keyring) provider (requires opt-in)
If authentication is found for a single net location (scheme, host, and port), it will be cached for the duration
of the command and used for other queries to that net location. Authentication is not cached across invocations of
uv.
Note `--keyring-provider subprocess` or `UV_KEYRING_PROVIDER=subprocess` must be provided to enable keyring-based
authentication.
Authentication may be used for hosts specified in the following contexts:
- `index-url`
- `extra-index-url`
- `find-links`
- `package @ https://...`
See the [`pip` compatibility guide](PIP_COMPATIBILITY.md#registry-authentication) for details on differences from
`pip`.
### Dependency caching
uv uses aggressive caching to avoid re-downloading (and re-building dependencies) that have
already been accessed in prior runs.
The specifics of uv's caching semantics vary based on the nature of the dependency:
- **For registry dependencies** (like those downloaded from PyPI), uv respects HTTP caching headers.
- **For direct URL dependencies**, uv respects HTTP caching headers, and also caches based on
the URL itself.
- **For Git dependencies**, uv caches based on the fully-resolved Git commit hash. As such,
`uv pip compile` will pin Git dependencies to a specific commit hash when writing the resolved
dependency set.
- **For local dependencies**, uv caches based on the last-modified time of the source archive (i.e.,
the local `.whl` or `.tar.gz` file). For directories, uv caches based on the last-modified time of
the `pyproject.toml`, `setup.py`, or `setup.cfg` file.
It's safe to run multiple `uv` commands concurrently, even against the same virtual environment.
uv's cache is designed to be thread-safe and append-only, and thus robust to multiple concurrent
readers and writers. uv applies a file-based lock to the target virtual environment when installing,
to avoid concurrent modifications across processes.
Note that it's _not_ safe to modify the uv cache directly (e.g., `uv cache clean`) while other `uv`
commands are running, and _never_ safe to modify the cache directly (e.g., by removing a file or
directory).
If you're running into caching issues, uv includes a few escape hatches:
- To force uv to revalidate cached data for all dependencies, run `uv pip install --refresh ...`.
- To force uv to revalidate cached data for a specific dependency, run, e.g., `uv pip install --refresh-package flask ...`.
- To force uv to ignore existing installed versions, run `uv pip install --reinstall ...`.
- To clear the global cache entirely, run `uv cache clean`.
### Resolution strategy
By default, uv follows the standard Python dependency resolution strategy of preferring the
latest compatible version of each package. For example, `uv pip install flask>=2.0.0` will
install the latest version of Flask (at time of writing: `3.0.0`).
However, uv's resolution strategy can be configured to support alternative workflows. With
`--resolution=lowest`, uv will install the **lowest** compatible versions for all dependencies,
both **direct** and **transitive**. Alternatively, `--resolution=lowest-direct` will opt for the
**lowest** compatible versions for all **direct** dependencies, while using the **latest**
compatible versions for all **transitive** dependencies. This distinction can be particularly useful
for library authors who wish to test against the lowest supported versions of direct dependencies
without restricting the versions of transitive dependencies.
For example, given the following `requirements.in` file:
```text
flask>=2.0.0
```
Running `uv pip compile requirements.in` would produce the following `requirements.txt` file:
```text
# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
# uv pip compile requirements.in
blinker==1.7.0
# via flask
click==8.1.7
# via flask
flask==3.0.0
itsdangerous==2.1.2
# via flask
jinja2==3.1.2
# via flask
markupsafe==2.1.3
# via
# jinja2
# werkzeug
werkzeug==3.0.1
# via flask
```
However, `uv pip compile --resolution=lowest requirements.in` would instead produce:
```text
# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:
# uv pip compile requirements.in --resolution=lowest
click==7.1.2
# via flask
flask==2.0.0
itsdangerous==2.0.0
# via flask
jinja2==3.0.0
# via flask
markupsafe==2.0.0
# via jinja2
werkzeug==2.0.0
# via flask
```
### Pre-release handling
By default, uv will accept pre-release versions during dependency resolution in two cases:
1. If the package is a direct dependency, and its version markers include a pre-release specifier
(e.g., `flask>=2.0.0rc1`).
1. If _all_ published versions of a package are pre-releases.
If dependency resolution fails due to a transitive pre-release, uv will prompt the user to
re-run with `--prerelease=allow`, to allow pre-releases for all dependencies.
Alternatively, you can add the transitive dependency to your `requirements.in` file with
pre-release specifier (e.g., `flask>=2.0.0rc1`) to opt in to pre-release support for that specific
dependency.
Pre-releases are [notoriously difficult](https://pubgrub-rs-guide.netlify.app/limitations/prerelease_versions)
to model, and are a frequent source of bugs in other packaging tools. uv's pre-release handling
is _intentionally_ limited and _intentionally_ requires user opt-in for pre-releases, to ensure
correctness.
For more, see ["Pre-release compatibility"](./PIP_COMPATIBILITY.md#pre-release-compatibility)
### Dependency overrides
Historically, `pip` has supported "constraints" (`-c constraints.txt`), which allows users to
narrow the set of acceptable versions for a given package.
uv supports constraints, but also takes this concept further by allowing users to _override_ the
acceptable versions of a package across the dependency tree via overrides (`--override overrides.txt`).
In short, overrides allow the user to lie to the resolver by overriding the declared dependencies
of a package. Overrides are a useful last resort for cases in which the user knows that a
dependency is compatible with a newer version of a package than the package declares, but the
package has not yet been updated to declare that compatibility.
For example, if a transitive dependency declares `pydantic>=1.0,<2.0`, but the user knows that
the package is compatible with `pydantic>=2.0`, the user can override the declared dependency
with `pydantic>=2.0,<3` to allow the resolver to continue.
While constraints are purely _additive_, and thus cannot _expand_ the set of acceptable versions for
a package, overrides _can_ expand the set of acceptable versions for a package, providing an escape
hatch for erroneous upper version bounds.
### Multi-platform resolution
By default, uv's `pip-compile` command produces a resolution that's known to be compatible with
the current platform and Python version. Unlike Poetry and PDM, uv does not yet produce a
machine-agnostic lockfile ([#2679](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/2679)).
However, uv _does_ support resolving for alternate platforms and Python versions via the
`--python-platform` and `--python-version` command line arguments.
For example, if you're running uv on macOS, but want to resolve for Linux, you can run
`uv pip compile --python-platform=linux requirements.in` to produce a `manylinux2014`-compatible
resolution.
Similarly, if you're running uv on Python 3.9, but want to resolve for Python 3.8, you can run
`uv pip compile --python-version=3.8 requirements.in` to produce a Python 3.8-compatible resolution.
The `--python-platform` and `--python-version` arguments can be combined to produce a resolution for
a specific platform and Python version, enabling users to generate multiple lockfiles for
different environments from a single machine.
_N.B. Python's environment markers expose far more information about the current machine
than can be expressed by a simple `--python-platform` argument. For example, the `platform_version` marker
on macOS includes the time at which the kernel was built, which can (in theory) be encoded in
package requirements. uv's resolver makes a best-effort attempt to generate a resolution that is
compatible with any machine running on the target `--python-platform`, which should be sufficient for
most use cases, but may lose fidelity for complex package and platform combinations._
### Time-restricted reproducible resolutions
uv supports an `--exclude-newer` option to limit resolution to distributions published before a specific
date, allowing reproduction of installations regardless of new package releases. The date may be specified
as a RFC 3339 timestamp (e.g., `2006-12-02T02:07:43Z`) or UTC date in the same format (e.g., `2006-12-02`).
Note the package index must support the `upload-time` field as specified in [`PEP 700`](https://peps.python.org/pep-0700/).
If the field is not present for a given distribution, the distribution will be treated as unavailable.
To ensure reproducibility, messages for unsatisfiable resolutions will not mention that distributions were excluded
due to the `--exclude-newer` flag — newer distributions will be treated as if they do not exist.
### Custom CA certificates
By default, uv loads certificates from the bundled `webpki-roots` crate. The `webpki-roots` are a
reliable set of trust roots from Mozilla, and including them in uv improves portability and
performance (especially on macOS, where reading the system trust store incurs a significant delay).
However, in some cases, you may want to use the platform's native certificate store, especially if
you're relying on a corporate trust root (e.g., for a mandatory proxy) that's included in your
system's certificate store. To instruct uv to use the system's trust store, run uv with the
`--native-tls` command-line flag, or set the `UV_NATIVE_TLS` environment variable to `true`.
If a direct path to the certificate is required (e.g., in CI), set the `SSL_CERT_FILE` environment
variable to the path of the certificate bundle, to instruct uv to use that file instead of the
system's trust store.
## Platform support
uv has Tier 1 support for the following platforms:
- macOS (Apple Silicon)
- macOS (x86_64)
- Linux (x86_64)
- Windows (x86_64)
uv is continuously built, tested, and developed against its Tier 1 platforms. Inspired by the
Rust project, Tier 1 can be thought of as ["guaranteed to work"](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/rustc/platform-support.html).
uv has Tier 2 support (["guaranteed to build"](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/rustc/platform-support.html)) for the following platforms:
- Linux (PPC64)
- Linux (PPC64LE)
- Linux (aarch64)
- Linux (armv7)
- Linux (i686)
- Linux (s390x)
uv ships pre-built wheels to [PyPI](https://pypi.org/project/uv/) for its Tier 1 and
Tier 2 platforms. However, while Tier 2 platforms are continuously built, they are not continuously
tested or developed against, and so stability may vary in practice.
Beyond the Tier 1 and Tier 2 platforms, uv is known to build on i686 Windows, and known _not_
to build on aarch64 Windows, but does not consider either platform to be supported at this time.
uv supports and is tested against Python 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, and 3.12.
## Environment variables
uv accepts the following command-line arguments as environment variables:
- `UV_INDEX_URL`: Equivalent to the `--index-url` command-line argument. If set, uv will use this
URL as the base index for searching for packages.
- `UV_EXTRA_INDEX_URL`: Equivalent to the `--extra-index-url` command-line argument. If set, uv
will use this space-separated list of URLs as additional indexes when searching for packages.
- `UV_CACHE_DIR`: Equivalent to the `--cache-dir` command-line argument. If set, uv will use this
directory for caching instead of the default cache directory.
- `UV_NO_CACHE`: Equivalent to the `--no-cache` command-line argument. If set, uv will not use the
cache for any operations.
- `UV_RESOLUTION`: Equivalent to the `--resolution` command-line argument. For example, if set to
`lowest-direct`, uv will install the lowest compatible versions of all direct dependencies.
- `UV_PRERELEASE`: Equivalent to the `--prerelease` command-line argument. For example, if set to
`allow`, uv will allow pre-release versions for all dependencies.
- `UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON`: Equivalent to the `--system` command-line argument. If set to `true`, uv
will use the first Python interpreter found in the system `PATH`.
WARNING: `UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON=true` is intended for use in continuous integration (CI) or
containerized environments and should be used with caution, as modifying the system Python
can lead to unexpected behavior.
- `UV_BREAK_SYSTEM_PACKAGES`: Equivalent to the `--break-system-packages` command-line argument. If
set to `true`, uv will allow the installation of packages that conflict with system-installed
packages.
WARNING: `UV_BREAK_SYSTEM_PACKAGES=true` is intended for use in continuous integration (CI) or
containerized environments and should be used with caution, as modifying the system Python
can lead to unexpected behavior.
- `UV_NATIVE_TLS`: Equivalent to the `--native-tls` command-line argument. If set to `true`, uv
will use the system's trust store instead of the bundled `webpki-roots` crate.
- `UV_INDEX_STRATEGY`: Equivalent to the `--index-strategy` command-line argument. For example, if
set to `unsafe-any-match`, uv will consider versions of a given package available across all
index URLs, rather than limiting its search to the first index URL that contains the package.
- `UV_REQUIRE_HASHES`: Equivalent to the `--require-hashes` command-line argument. If set to `true`,
uv will require that all dependencies have a hash specified in the requirements file.
- `UV_CONSTRAINT`: Equivalent to the `--constraint` command-line argument. If set, uv will use this
file as the constraints file. Uses space-separated list of files.
In each case, the corresponding command-line argument takes precedence over an environment variable.
In addition, uv respects the following environment variables:
- `SSL_CERT_FILE`: If set, uv will use this file as the certificate bundle instead of the system's
trust store.
- `RUST_LOG`: If set, uv will use this value as the log level for its `--verbose` output. Accepts
any filter compatible with the `tracing_subscriber` crate. For example, `RUST_LOG=trace` will
enable trace-level logging. See the [tracing documentation](https://docs.rs/tracing-subscriber/latest/tracing_subscriber/filter/struct.EnvFilter.html#example-syntax)
for more.
- `HTTP_PROXY`, `HTTPS_PROXY`, `ALL_PROXY`: The proxy to use for all HTTP/HTTPS requests.
- `HTTP_TIMEOUT` (or `UV_HTTP_TIMEOUT`): If set, uv will use this value (in seconds) as the timeout
for HTTP reads (default: 30s).
- `PYC_INVALIDATION_MODE`: The validation modes to use when run with `--compile`.
See: [`PycInvalidationMode`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/py_compile.html#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode).
- `VIRTUAL_ENV`: Used to detect an activated virtual environment.
- `CONDA_PREFIX`: Used to detect an activated Conda environment.
- `PROMPT`: Used to detect the use of the Windows Command Prompt (as opposed to PowerShell).
- `NU_VERSION`: Used to detect the use of NuShell.
- `FISH_VERSION`: Used to detect the use of the Fish shell.
- `BASH_VERSION`: Used to detect the use of the Bash shell.
- `ZSH_VERSION`: Used to detect the use of the Zsh shell.
- `RAYON_NUM_THREADS`: Used to control the number of threads used when unzipping and installing
packages. See the [rayon documentation](https://docs.rs/rayon/latest/rayon/) for more.
## Versioning
uv uses a custom versioning scheme in which the minor version number is bumped for breaking changes,
and the patch version number is bumped for bug fixes, enhancements, and other non-breaking changes.
uv does not yet have a stable API; once uv's API is stable (v1.0.0), the versioning scheme will
adhere to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/).
## Acknowledgements
uv's dependency resolver uses [PubGrub](https://github.com/pubgrub-rs/pubgrub) under the hood.
We're grateful to the PubGrub maintainers, especially [Jacob Finkelman](https://github.com/Eh2406),
for their support.
uv's Git implementation is based on [Cargo](https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo).
Some of uv's optimizations are inspired by the great work we've seen in
[pnpm](https://pnpm.io/), [Orogene](https://github.com/orogene/orogene), and
[Bun](https://github.com/oven-sh/bun). We've also learned a lot from Nathaniel
J. Smith's [Posy](https://github.com/njsmith/posy) and adapted its [trampoline](https://github.com/njsmith/posy/tree/main/src/trampolines/windows-trampolines/posy-trampoline)
for Windows support.
## License
uv is licensed under either of
- Apache License, Version 2.0, ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
- MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
at your option.
Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
for inclusion in uv by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be
dually licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
<div align="center">
<a target="_blank" href="https://astral.sh" style="background:none">
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/uv/main/assets/svg/Astral.svg" alt="Made by Astral">
</a>
</div>
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"platform": null,
"description": "# uv\n\n[](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv)\n[](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/uv)\n[](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/uv)\n[](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/uv)\n[](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/actions)\n[](https://discord.gg/astral-sh)\n\nAn extremely fast Python package installer and resolver, written in Rust. Designed as a drop-in\nreplacement for common `pip` and `pip-tools` workflows.\n\n<p align=\"center\">\n <img alt=\"Shows a bar chart with benchmark results.\" src=\"https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/assets/1309177/629e59c0-9c6e-4013-9ad4-adb2bcf5080d\">\n</p>\n\n<p align=\"center\">\n <i>Installing the Trio dependencies with a warm cache.</i>\n</p>\n\n## Highlights\n\n- \u2696\ufe0f Drop-in replacement for common `pip`, `pip-tools`, and `virtualenv` commands.\n- \u26a1\ufe0f [10-100x faster](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/blob/main/BENCHMARKS.md) than `pip`\n and `pip-tools` (`pip-compile` and `pip-sync`).\n- \ud83d\udcbe Disk-space efficient, with a global cache for dependency deduplication.\n- \ud83d\udc0d Installable via `curl`, `pip`, `pipx`, etc. uv is a static binary that can be installed\n without Rust or Python.\n- \ud83e\uddea Tested at-scale against the top 10,000 PyPI packages.\n- \ud83d\udda5\ufe0f Support for macOS, Linux, and Windows.\n- \ud83e\uddf0 Advanced features such as [dependency version overrides](#dependency-overrides) and\n [alternative resolution strategies](#resolution-strategy).\n- \u2049\ufe0f Best-in-class error messages with a conflict-tracking resolver.\n- \ud83e\udd1d Support for a wide range of advanced `pip` features, including editable installs, Git\n dependencies, direct URL dependencies, local dependencies, constraints, source distributions,\n HTML and JSON indexes, and more.\n\nuv is backed by [Astral](https://astral.sh), the creators of [Ruff](https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff).\n\n## Getting Started\n\nInstall uv with our standalone installers, or from [PyPI](https://pypi.org/project/uv/):\n\n```shell\n# On macOS and Linux.\ncurl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh\n\n# On Windows.\npowershell -c \"irm https://astral.sh/uv/install.ps1 | iex\"\n\n# With pip.\npip install uv\n\n# With pipx.\npipx install uv\n\n# With Homebrew.\nbrew install uv\n\n# With Pacman.\npacman -S uv\n```\n\nTo create a virtual environment:\n\n```shell\nuv venv # Create a virtual environment at .venv.\n```\n\nTo activate the virtual environment:\n\n```shell\n# On macOS and Linux.\nsource .venv/bin/activate\n\n# On Windows.\n.venv\\Scripts\\activate\n```\n\nTo install a package into the virtual environment:\n\n```shell\nuv pip install flask # Install Flask.\nuv pip install -r requirements.txt # Install from a requirements.txt file.\nuv pip install -e . # Install the current project in editable mode.\nuv pip install \"package @ .\" # Install the current project from disk.\nuv pip install \"flask[dotenv]\" # Install Flask with \"dotenv\" extra.\n```\n\nTo generate a set of locked dependencies:\n\n```shell\nuv pip compile requirements.in -o requirements.txt # Read a requirements.in file.\nuv pip compile pyproject.toml -o requirements.txt # Read a pyproject.toml file.\nuv pip compile setup.py -o requirements.txt # Read a setup.py file.\necho flask | uv pip compile - -o requirements.txt # Read from stdin.\nuv pip freeze | uv pip compile - -o requirements.txt # Lock the current environment.\n```\n\nTo sync a set of locked dependencies with the virtual environment:\n\n```shell\nuv pip sync requirements.txt # Install from a requirements.txt file.\n```\n\nuv's `pip-install` and `pip-compile` commands support many of the same command-line arguments\nas existing tools, including `-r requirements.txt`, `-c constraints.txt`, `-e .` (for editable\ninstalls), `--index-url`, and more.\n\n## Limitations\n\nWhile uv supports a large subset of the `pip` interface, it does not support the entire feature set.\nIn some cases, those differences are intentional; in others, they're a result of uv's early stage of\ndevelopment.\n\nFor details, see our [`pip` compatibility guide](./PIP_COMPATIBILITY.md).\n\nLike `pip-compile`, uv generates a platform-specific `requirements.txt` file (unlike, e.g.,\n`poetry` and `pdm`, which generate platform-agnostic `poetry.lock` and `pdm.lock` files). As such,\nuv's `requirements.txt` files may not be portable across platforms and Python versions.\n\n## Roadmap\n\nuv is an extremely fast Python package resolver and installer, designed as a drop-in\nreplacement for `pip`, `pip-tools` (`pip-compile` and `pip-sync`), and `virtualenv`.\n\nuv represents an intermediary goal in our pursuit of a [\"Cargo for Python\"](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2016/05/05/cargo-pillars.html#pillars-of-cargo):\na comprehensive project and package manager that is extremely fast, reliable, and easy to use.\n\nThink: a single binary that bootstraps your Python installation and gives you everything you need to\nbe productive with Python, bundling not only `pip`, `pip-tools`, and `virtualenv`, but also `pipx`,\n`tox`, `poetry`, `pyenv`, `ruff`, and more.\n\nOur goal is to evolve uv into such a tool.\n\nIn the meantime, though, the narrower `pip-tools` scope allows us to solve the low-level problems\ninvolved in building such a tool (like package installation) while shipping something immediately\nuseful with a minimal barrier to adoption.\n\n## Advanced Usage\n\n### Python discovery\n\nuv itself does not depend on Python, but it does need to locate a Python environment to (1)\ninstall dependencies into the environment and (2) build source distributions.\n\nWhen running `pip sync` or `pip install`, uv will search for a virtual environment in the\nfollowing order:\n\n- An activated virtual environment based on the `VIRTUAL_ENV` environment variable.\n- An activated Conda environment based on the `CONDA_PREFIX` environment variable.\n- A virtual environment at `.venv` in the current directory, or in the nearest parent directory.\n\nIf no virtual environment is found, uv will prompt the user to create one in the current\ndirectory via `uv venv`.\n\nWhen running `pip compile`, uv does not _require_ a virtual environment and will search for a\nPython interpreter in the following order:\n\n- An activated virtual environment based on the `VIRTUAL_ENV` environment variable.\n- An activated Conda environment based on the `CONDA_PREFIX` environment variable.\n- A virtual environment at `.venv` in the current directory, or in the nearest parent directory.\n- The Python interpreter available as `python3` on macOS and Linux, or `python.exe` on Windows.\n\nIf a `--python-version` is provided to `pip compile` (e.g., `--python-version=3.7`), uv will\nsearch for a Python interpreter matching that version in the following order:\n\n- An activated virtual environment based on the `VIRTUAL_ENV` environment variable.\n- An activated Conda environment based on the `CONDA_PREFIX` environment variable.\n- A virtual environment at `.venv` in the current directory, or in the nearest parent directory.\n- The Python interpreter available as, e.g., `python3.7` on macOS and Linux.\n- The Python interpreter available as `python3` on macOS and Linux, or `python.exe` on Windows.\n- On Windows, the Python interpreter returned by `py --list-paths` that matches the requested\n version.\n\n### Installing into arbitrary Python environments\n\nSince uv has no dependency on Python, it can even install into virtual environments other than\nits own. For example, setting `VIRTUAL_ENV=/path/to/venv` will cause uv to install into\n`/path/to/venv`, no matter where uv is installed.\n\nuv can also install into arbitrary, even non-virtual environments by providing a `--python` argument\nto `uv pip sync` or `uv pip install`. For example, `uv pip install --python=/path/to/python` will\ninstall into the environment linked to the `/path/to/python` interpreter.\n\nFor convenience, `uv pip install --system` will install into the system Python environment, as an\napproximate shorthand for, e.g., `uv pip install --python=$(which python3)`. Though we generally\nrecommend the use of virtual environments for dependency management, `--system` is intended to\nenable the use of uv in continuous integration and containerized environments.\n\nInstalling into system Python across platforms and distributions is notoriously difficult. uv\nsupports the common cases, but will not work in all cases. For example, installing into system\nPython on Debian prior to Python 3.10 is unsupported due to the [distribution's patching\nof `distutils` (but not `sysconfig`)](https://ffy00.github.io/blog/02-python-debian-and-the-install-locations/).\nWhile we always recommend the use of virtual environments, uv considers them to be required in\nthese non-standard environments.\n\n### Git authentication\n\nuv allows packages to be installed from Git and supports the following schemes for authenticating with private\nrepositories.\n\nUsing SSH:\n\n- `git+ssh://git@<hostname>/...` (e.g. `git+ssh://git@github.com/astral-sh/uv`)\n- `git+ssh://git@<host>/...` (e.g. `git+ssh://git@github.com-key-2/astral-sh/uv`)\n\nSee the [GitHub SSH documentation](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/connecting-to-github-with-ssh/about-ssh) for more details on how to configure SSH.\n\nUsing a password or token:\n\n- `git+https://<user>:<token>@<hostname>/...` (e.g. `git+https://git:github_pat_asdf@github.com/astral-sh/uv`)\n- `git+https://<token>@<hostname>/...` (e.g. `git+https://github_pat_asdf@github.com/astral-sh/uv`)\n- `git+https://<user>@<hostname>/...` (e.g. `git+https://git@github.com/astral-sh/uv`)\n\nWhen using a GitHub personal access token, the username is arbitrary. GitHub does not support logging in with password directly, although other hosts may. If a username is provided without credentials, you will be prompted to enter them.\n\nIf there are no credentials present in the URL and authentication is needed, the [Git credential helper](https://git-scm.com/doc/credential-helpers) will be queried.\n\n### HTTP authentication\n\nuv supports credentials over HTTP when querying package registries.\n\nAuthentication can come from the following sources, in order of precedence:\n\n- The URL, e.g., `https://<user>:<password>@<hostname>/...`\n- A [`netrc`](https://everything.curl.dev/usingcurl/netrc) configuration file\n- A [keyring](https://github.com/jaraco/keyring) provider (requires opt-in)\n\nIf authentication is found for a single net location (scheme, host, and port), it will be cached for the duration\nof the command and used for other queries to that net location. Authentication is not cached across invocations of\nuv.\n\nNote `--keyring-provider subprocess` or `UV_KEYRING_PROVIDER=subprocess` must be provided to enable keyring-based\nauthentication.\n\nAuthentication may be used for hosts specified in the following contexts:\n\n- `index-url`\n- `extra-index-url`\n- `find-links`\n- `package @ https://...`\n\nSee the [`pip` compatibility guide](PIP_COMPATIBILITY.md#registry-authentication) for details on differences from\n`pip`.\n\n### Dependency caching\n\nuv uses aggressive caching to avoid re-downloading (and re-building dependencies) that have\nalready been accessed in prior runs.\n\nThe specifics of uv's caching semantics vary based on the nature of the dependency:\n\n- **For registry dependencies** (like those downloaded from PyPI), uv respects HTTP caching headers.\n- **For direct URL dependencies**, uv respects HTTP caching headers, and also caches based on\n the URL itself.\n- **For Git dependencies**, uv caches based on the fully-resolved Git commit hash. As such,\n `uv pip compile` will pin Git dependencies to a specific commit hash when writing the resolved\n dependency set.\n- **For local dependencies**, uv caches based on the last-modified time of the source archive (i.e.,\n the local `.whl` or `.tar.gz` file). For directories, uv caches based on the last-modified time of\n the `pyproject.toml`, `setup.py`, or `setup.cfg` file.\n\nIt's safe to run multiple `uv` commands concurrently, even against the same virtual environment.\nuv's cache is designed to be thread-safe and append-only, and thus robust to multiple concurrent\nreaders and writers. uv applies a file-based lock to the target virtual environment when installing,\nto avoid concurrent modifications across processes.\n\nNote that it's _not_ safe to modify the uv cache directly (e.g., `uv cache clean`) while other `uv`\ncommands are running, and _never_ safe to modify the cache directly (e.g., by removing a file or\ndirectory).\n\nIf you're running into caching issues, uv includes a few escape hatches:\n\n- To force uv to revalidate cached data for all dependencies, run `uv pip install --refresh ...`.\n- To force uv to revalidate cached data for a specific dependency, run, e.g., `uv pip install --refresh-package flask ...`.\n- To force uv to ignore existing installed versions, run `uv pip install --reinstall ...`.\n- To clear the global cache entirely, run `uv cache clean`.\n\n### Resolution strategy\n\nBy default, uv follows the standard Python dependency resolution strategy of preferring the\nlatest compatible version of each package. For example, `uv pip install flask>=2.0.0` will\ninstall the latest version of Flask (at time of writing: `3.0.0`).\n\nHowever, uv's resolution strategy can be configured to support alternative workflows. With\n`--resolution=lowest`, uv will install the **lowest** compatible versions for all dependencies,\nboth **direct** and **transitive**. Alternatively, `--resolution=lowest-direct` will opt for the\n**lowest** compatible versions for all **direct** dependencies, while using the **latest**\ncompatible versions for all **transitive** dependencies. This distinction can be particularly useful\nfor library authors who wish to test against the lowest supported versions of direct dependencies\nwithout restricting the versions of transitive dependencies.\n\nFor example, given the following `requirements.in` file:\n\n```text\nflask>=2.0.0\n```\n\nRunning `uv pip compile requirements.in` would produce the following `requirements.txt` file:\n\n```text\n# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:\n# uv pip compile requirements.in\nblinker==1.7.0\n # via flask\nclick==8.1.7\n # via flask\nflask==3.0.0\nitsdangerous==2.1.2\n # via flask\njinja2==3.1.2\n # via flask\nmarkupsafe==2.1.3\n # via\n # jinja2\n # werkzeug\nwerkzeug==3.0.1\n # via flask\n```\n\nHowever, `uv pip compile --resolution=lowest requirements.in` would instead produce:\n\n```text\n# This file was autogenerated by uv via the following command:\n# uv pip compile requirements.in --resolution=lowest\nclick==7.1.2\n # via flask\nflask==2.0.0\nitsdangerous==2.0.0\n # via flask\njinja2==3.0.0\n # via flask\nmarkupsafe==2.0.0\n # via jinja2\nwerkzeug==2.0.0\n # via flask\n```\n\n### Pre-release handling\n\nBy default, uv will accept pre-release versions during dependency resolution in two cases:\n\n1. If the package is a direct dependency, and its version markers include a pre-release specifier\n (e.g., `flask>=2.0.0rc1`).\n1. If _all_ published versions of a package are pre-releases.\n\nIf dependency resolution fails due to a transitive pre-release, uv will prompt the user to\nre-run with `--prerelease=allow`, to allow pre-releases for all dependencies.\n\nAlternatively, you can add the transitive dependency to your `requirements.in` file with\npre-release specifier (e.g., `flask>=2.0.0rc1`) to opt in to pre-release support for that specific\ndependency.\n\nPre-releases are [notoriously difficult](https://pubgrub-rs-guide.netlify.app/limitations/prerelease_versions)\nto model, and are a frequent source of bugs in other packaging tools. uv's pre-release handling\nis _intentionally_ limited and _intentionally_ requires user opt-in for pre-releases, to ensure\ncorrectness.\n\nFor more, see [\"Pre-release compatibility\"](./PIP_COMPATIBILITY.md#pre-release-compatibility)\n\n### Dependency overrides\n\nHistorically, `pip` has supported \"constraints\" (`-c constraints.txt`), which allows users to\nnarrow the set of acceptable versions for a given package.\n\nuv supports constraints, but also takes this concept further by allowing users to _override_ the\nacceptable versions of a package across the dependency tree via overrides (`--override overrides.txt`).\n\nIn short, overrides allow the user to lie to the resolver by overriding the declared dependencies\nof a package. Overrides are a useful last resort for cases in which the user knows that a\ndependency is compatible with a newer version of a package than the package declares, but the\npackage has not yet been updated to declare that compatibility.\n\nFor example, if a transitive dependency declares `pydantic>=1.0,<2.0`, but the user knows that\nthe package is compatible with `pydantic>=2.0`, the user can override the declared dependency\nwith `pydantic>=2.0,<3` to allow the resolver to continue.\n\nWhile constraints are purely _additive_, and thus cannot _expand_ the set of acceptable versions for\na package, overrides _can_ expand the set of acceptable versions for a package, providing an escape\nhatch for erroneous upper version bounds.\n\n### Multi-platform resolution\n\nBy default, uv's `pip-compile` command produces a resolution that's known to be compatible with\nthe current platform and Python version. Unlike Poetry and PDM, uv does not yet produce a\nmachine-agnostic lockfile ([#2679](https://github.com/astral-sh/uv/issues/2679)).\n\nHowever, uv _does_ support resolving for alternate platforms and Python versions via the\n`--python-platform` and `--python-version` command line arguments.\n\nFor example, if you're running uv on macOS, but want to resolve for Linux, you can run\n`uv pip compile --python-platform=linux requirements.in` to produce a `manylinux2014`-compatible\nresolution.\n\nSimilarly, if you're running uv on Python 3.9, but want to resolve for Python 3.8, you can run\n`uv pip compile --python-version=3.8 requirements.in` to produce a Python 3.8-compatible resolution.\n\nThe `--python-platform` and `--python-version` arguments can be combined to produce a resolution for\na specific platform and Python version, enabling users to generate multiple lockfiles for\ndifferent environments from a single machine.\n\n_N.B. Python's environment markers expose far more information about the current machine\nthan can be expressed by a simple `--python-platform` argument. For example, the `platform_version` marker\non macOS includes the time at which the kernel was built, which can (in theory) be encoded in\npackage requirements. uv's resolver makes a best-effort attempt to generate a resolution that is\ncompatible with any machine running on the target `--python-platform`, which should be sufficient for\nmost use cases, but may lose fidelity for complex package and platform combinations._\n\n### Time-restricted reproducible resolutions\n\nuv supports an `--exclude-newer` option to limit resolution to distributions published before a specific\ndate, allowing reproduction of installations regardless of new package releases. The date may be specified\nas a RFC 3339 timestamp (e.g., `2006-12-02T02:07:43Z`) or UTC date in the same format (e.g., `2006-12-02`).\n\nNote the package index must support the `upload-time` field as specified in [`PEP 700`](https://peps.python.org/pep-0700/).\nIf the field is not present for a given distribution, the distribution will be treated as unavailable.\n\nTo ensure reproducibility, messages for unsatisfiable resolutions will not mention that distributions were excluded\ndue to the `--exclude-newer` flag \u2014 newer distributions will be treated as if they do not exist.\n\n### Custom CA certificates\n\nBy default, uv loads certificates from the bundled `webpki-roots` crate. The `webpki-roots` are a\nreliable set of trust roots from Mozilla, and including them in uv improves portability and\nperformance (especially on macOS, where reading the system trust store incurs a significant delay).\n\nHowever, in some cases, you may want to use the platform's native certificate store, especially if\nyou're relying on a corporate trust root (e.g., for a mandatory proxy) that's included in your\nsystem's certificate store. To instruct uv to use the system's trust store, run uv with the\n`--native-tls` command-line flag, or set the `UV_NATIVE_TLS` environment variable to `true`.\n\nIf a direct path to the certificate is required (e.g., in CI), set the `SSL_CERT_FILE` environment\nvariable to the path of the certificate bundle, to instruct uv to use that file instead of the\nsystem's trust store.\n\n## Platform support\n\nuv has Tier 1 support for the following platforms:\n\n- macOS (Apple Silicon)\n- macOS (x86_64)\n- Linux (x86_64)\n- Windows (x86_64)\n\nuv is continuously built, tested, and developed against its Tier 1 platforms. Inspired by the\nRust project, Tier 1 can be thought of as [\"guaranteed to work\"](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/rustc/platform-support.html).\n\nuv has Tier 2 support ([\"guaranteed to build\"](https://doc.rust-lang.org/beta/rustc/platform-support.html)) for the following platforms:\n\n- Linux (PPC64)\n- Linux (PPC64LE)\n- Linux (aarch64)\n- Linux (armv7)\n- Linux (i686)\n- Linux (s390x)\n\nuv ships pre-built wheels to [PyPI](https://pypi.org/project/uv/) for its Tier 1 and\nTier 2 platforms. However, while Tier 2 platforms are continuously built, they are not continuously\ntested or developed against, and so stability may vary in practice.\n\nBeyond the Tier 1 and Tier 2 platforms, uv is known to build on i686 Windows, and known _not_\nto build on aarch64 Windows, but does not consider either platform to be supported at this time.\n\nuv supports and is tested against Python 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, and 3.12.\n\n## Environment variables\n\nuv accepts the following command-line arguments as environment variables:\n\n- `UV_INDEX_URL`: Equivalent to the `--index-url` command-line argument. If set, uv will use this\n URL as the base index for searching for packages.\n- `UV_EXTRA_INDEX_URL`: Equivalent to the `--extra-index-url` command-line argument. If set, uv\n will use this space-separated list of URLs as additional indexes when searching for packages.\n- `UV_CACHE_DIR`: Equivalent to the `--cache-dir` command-line argument. If set, uv will use this\n directory for caching instead of the default cache directory.\n- `UV_NO_CACHE`: Equivalent to the `--no-cache` command-line argument. If set, uv will not use the\n cache for any operations.\n- `UV_RESOLUTION`: Equivalent to the `--resolution` command-line argument. For example, if set to\n `lowest-direct`, uv will install the lowest compatible versions of all direct dependencies.\n- `UV_PRERELEASE`: Equivalent to the `--prerelease` command-line argument. For example, if set to\n `allow`, uv will allow pre-release versions for all dependencies.\n- `UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON`: Equivalent to the `--system` command-line argument. If set to `true`, uv\n will use the first Python interpreter found in the system `PATH`.\n WARNING: `UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON=true` is intended for use in continuous integration (CI) or\n containerized environments and should be used with caution, as modifying the system Python\n can lead to unexpected behavior.\n- `UV_BREAK_SYSTEM_PACKAGES`: Equivalent to the `--break-system-packages` command-line argument. If\n set to `true`, uv will allow the installation of packages that conflict with system-installed\n packages.\n WARNING: `UV_BREAK_SYSTEM_PACKAGES=true` is intended for use in continuous integration (CI) or\n containerized environments and should be used with caution, as modifying the system Python\n can lead to unexpected behavior.\n- `UV_NATIVE_TLS`: Equivalent to the `--native-tls` command-line argument. If set to `true`, uv\n will use the system's trust store instead of the bundled `webpki-roots` crate.\n- `UV_INDEX_STRATEGY`: Equivalent to the `--index-strategy` command-line argument. For example, if\n set to `unsafe-any-match`, uv will consider versions of a given package available across all\n index URLs, rather than limiting its search to the first index URL that contains the package.\n- `UV_REQUIRE_HASHES`: Equivalent to the `--require-hashes` command-line argument. If set to `true`,\n uv will require that all dependencies have a hash specified in the requirements file.\n- `UV_CONSTRAINT`: Equivalent to the `--constraint` command-line argument. If set, uv will use this\n file as the constraints file. Uses space-separated list of files.\n\nIn each case, the corresponding command-line argument takes precedence over an environment variable.\n\nIn addition, uv respects the following environment variables:\n\n- `SSL_CERT_FILE`: If set, uv will use this file as the certificate bundle instead of the system's\n trust store.\n- `RUST_LOG`: If set, uv will use this value as the log level for its `--verbose` output. Accepts\n any filter compatible with the `tracing_subscriber` crate. For example, `RUST_LOG=trace` will\n enable trace-level logging. See the [tracing documentation](https://docs.rs/tracing-subscriber/latest/tracing_subscriber/filter/struct.EnvFilter.html#example-syntax)\n for more.\n- `HTTP_PROXY`, `HTTPS_PROXY`, `ALL_PROXY`: The proxy to use for all HTTP/HTTPS requests.\n- `HTTP_TIMEOUT` (or `UV_HTTP_TIMEOUT`): If set, uv will use this value (in seconds) as the timeout\n for HTTP reads (default: 30s).\n- `PYC_INVALIDATION_MODE`: The validation modes to use when run with `--compile`.\n See: [`PycInvalidationMode`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/py_compile.html#py_compile.PycInvalidationMode).\n- `VIRTUAL_ENV`: Used to detect an activated virtual environment.\n- `CONDA_PREFIX`: Used to detect an activated Conda environment.\n- `PROMPT`: Used to detect the use of the Windows Command Prompt (as opposed to PowerShell).\n- `NU_VERSION`: Used to detect the use of NuShell.\n- `FISH_VERSION`: Used to detect the use of the Fish shell.\n- `BASH_VERSION`: Used to detect the use of the Bash shell.\n- `ZSH_VERSION`: Used to detect the use of the Zsh shell.\n- `RAYON_NUM_THREADS`: Used to control the number of threads used when unzipping and installing\n packages. See the [rayon documentation](https://docs.rs/rayon/latest/rayon/) for more.\n\n## Versioning\n\nuv uses a custom versioning scheme in which the minor version number is bumped for breaking changes,\nand the patch version number is bumped for bug fixes, enhancements, and other non-breaking changes.\n\nuv does not yet have a stable API; once uv's API is stable (v1.0.0), the versioning scheme will\nadhere to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/).\n\n## Acknowledgements\n\nuv's dependency resolver uses [PubGrub](https://github.com/pubgrub-rs/pubgrub) under the hood.\nWe're grateful to the PubGrub maintainers, especially [Jacob Finkelman](https://github.com/Eh2406),\nfor their support.\n\nuv's Git implementation is based on [Cargo](https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo).\n\nSome of uv's optimizations are inspired by the great work we've seen in\n[pnpm](https://pnpm.io/), [Orogene](https://github.com/orogene/orogene), and\n[Bun](https://github.com/oven-sh/bun). We've also learned a lot from Nathaniel\nJ. Smith's [Posy](https://github.com/njsmith/posy) and adapted its [trampoline](https://github.com/njsmith/posy/tree/main/src/trampolines/windows-trampolines/posy-trampoline)\nfor Windows support.\n\n## License\n\nuv is licensed under either of\n\n- Apache License, Version 2.0, ([LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) or https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)\n- MIT license ([LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)\n\nat your option.\n\nUnless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted\nfor inclusion in uv by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall be\ndually licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.\n\n<div align=\"center\">\n <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https://astral.sh\" style=\"background:none\">\n <img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astral-sh/uv/main/assets/svg/Astral.svg\" alt=\"Made by Astral\">\n </a>\n</div>\n\n",
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