aiotools


Nameaiotools JSON
Version 1.7.0 PyPI version JSON
download
home_pagehttps://github.com/achimnol/aiotools
SummaryIdiomatic asyncio utilities
upload_time2023-08-25 12:17:23
maintainer
docs_urlNone
authorJoongi Kim
requires_python>=3.8
licenseMIT
keywords
VCS
bugtrack_url
requirements No requirements were recorded.
Travis-CI No Travis.
coveralls test coverage No coveralls.
            aiotools
========

[![PyPI release version](https://badge.fury.io/py/aiotools.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/aiotools/)
![Supported Python versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/aiotools.svg)
![Test Status](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/workflows/Test%20with%20pytest/badge.svg)
[![Code Coverage](https://codecov.io/gh/achimnol/aiotools/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/achimnol/aiotools)

Idiomatic asyncio utilties

*NOTE:* This project is under early stage of development. The public APIs may break version by version.


Modules
-------

* [Async Context Manager](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.context.html)
* [Async Fork](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.fork.html)
* [Async Functools](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.func.html)
* [Async Itertools](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.iter.html)
* [Async Server](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.server.html)
* [Async TaskGroup](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.taskgroup.html)
* [Async Timer](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.timer.html)

I also recommend to try the following asyncio libraries for your happier life.

* [async_timeout](https://github.com/aio-libs/async-timeout): Provides a light-weight timeout wrapper that does not spawn subtasks.
* [aiojobs](https://github.com/aio-libs/aiojobs): Provides a concurrency-limited scheduler for asyncio tasks with graceful shutdown.
* [trio](https://github.com/python-trio/trio): An alternative implementation of asynchronous IO stack for Python, with focus on cancellation scopes and task groups called "nursery".


Examples
--------

### Async Context Manager

This is an asynchronous version of `contextlib.contextmanager` to make it
easier to write asynchronous context managers without creating boilerplate
classes.

```python
import asyncio
import aiotools

@aiotools.actxmgr
async def mygen(a):
   await asyncio.sleep(1)
   yield a + 1
   await asyncio.sleep(1)

async def somewhere():
   async with mygen(1) as b:
       assert b == 2
```

Note that you need to wrap `yield` with a try-finally block to
ensure resource releases (e.g., locks), even in the case when
an exception is ocurred inside the async-with block.

```python
import asyncio
import aiotools

lock = asyncio.Lock()

@aiotools.actxmgr
async def mygen(a):
   await lock.acquire()
   try:
       yield a + 1
   finally:
       lock.release()

async def somewhere():
   try:
       async with mygen(1) as b:
           raise RuntimeError('oops')
   except RuntimeError:
       print('caught!')  # you can catch exceptions here.
```

You can also create a group of async context managers, which
are entered/exited all at once using `asyncio.gather()`.

```python
import asyncio
import aiotools

@aiotools.actxmgr
async def mygen(a):
   yield a + 10

async def somewhere():
   ctxgrp = aiotools.actxgroup(mygen(i) for i in range(10))
   async with ctxgrp as values:
       assert len(values) == 10
       for i in range(10):
           assert values[i] == i + 10
```

### Async Server

This implements a common pattern to launch asyncio-based server daemons.

```python
import asyncio
import aiotools

async def echo(reader, writer):
   data = await reader.read(100)
   writer.write(data)
   await writer.drain()
   writer.close()

@aiotools.server
async def myworker(loop, pidx, args):
   server = await asyncio.start_server(echo, '0.0.0.0', 8888,
       reuse_port=True, loop=loop)
   print(f'[{pidx}] started')
   yield  # wait until terminated
   server.close()
   await server.wait_closed()
   print(f'[{pidx}] terminated')

if __name__ == '__main__':
   # Run the above server using 4 worker processes.
   aiotools.start_server(myworker, num_workers=4)
```

It handles SIGINT/SIGTERM signals automatically to stop the server,
as well as lifecycle management of event loops running on multiple processes.
Internally it uses `aiotools.fork` module to get kernel support to resolve
potential signal/PID related races via PID file descriptors on supported versions
(Python 3.9+ and Linux kernel 5.4+).


### Async TaskGroup

A `TaskGroup` object manages the lifecycle of sub-tasks spawned via its `create_task()`
method by guarding them with an async context manager which exits only when all sub-tasks
are either completed or cancelled.

This is motivated from [trio's nursery API](https://trio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference-core.html#nurseries-and-spawning)
and a draft implementation is adopted from [EdgeDB's Python client library](https://github.com/edgedb/edgedb-python).

```python
import aiotools

async def do():
    async with aiotools.TaskGroup() as tg:
        tg.create_task(...)
        tg.create_task(...)
        ...
    # at this point, all subtasks are either cancelled or done.
```


### Async Timer

```python
import aiotools

i = 0

async def mytick(interval):
   print(i)
   i += 1

async def somewhere():
   t = aiotools.create_timer(mytick, 1.0)
   ...
   t.cancel()
   await t
```

`t` is an `asyncio.Task` object.
To stop the timer, call `t.cancel(); await t`.
Please don't forget `await`-ing `t` because it requires extra steps to
cancel and await all pending tasks.
To make your timer function to be cancellable, add a try-except clause
catching `asyncio.CancelledError` since we use it as a termination
signal.

You may add `TimerDelayPolicy` argument to control the behavior when the
timer-fired task takes longer than the timer interval.
`DEFAULT` is to accumulate them and cancel all the remainings at once when
the timer is cancelled.
`CANCEL` is to cancel any pending previously fired tasks on every interval.

```python
import asyncio
import aiotools

async def mytick(interval):
   await asyncio.sleep(100)  # cancelled on every next interval.

async def somewhere():
   t = aiotools.create_timer(mytick, 1.0, aiotools.TimerDelayPolicy.CANCEL)
   ...
   t.cancel()
   await t
```

#### Virtual Clock

It provides a virtual clock that advances the event loop time instantly upon
any combination of `asyncio.sleep()` calls in multiple coroutine tasks,
by temporarily patching the event loop selector.

This is also used in [our timer test suite](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/blob/master/tests/test_timer.py).

```python
import aiotools
import pytest

@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_sleeps():
    loop = aiotools.compat.get_running_loop()
    vclock = aiotools.VirtualClock()
    with vclock.patch_loop():
        print(loop.time())  # -> prints 0
        await asyncio.sleep(3600)
        print(loop.time())  # -> prints 3600
```

Changelog
=========

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    To add a new change log entry, please refer
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    We named the news folder "changes".

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<!-- towncrier release notes start -->

1.7.0 (2023-08-25)
---------------------------------

### Breaking changes
* Dropped the support for Python 3.7 as it's end-of-life.

### Fixes
* Correct the type annotation of the callback argument in `create_timer()` ([#61](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/61))


1.6.1 (2023-05-02)
------------------

### Fixes
* PersistentTaskGroup no longer stores the history of unhandled exceptions and raises them as an exception group to prevent memory leaks ([#54](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/54))


1.6.0 (2023-03-14)
------------------

### Features
* Add `as_completed_safe()` which enhances `asyncio.as_completed()` using `PersistentTaskGroup` ([#52](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/52))


1.5.9 (2022-04-26)
------------------

### Fixes
* Improve checks for pidfd availability to avoid corner cases that may fail on Linux kernel 5.1 and 5.2 where `signal.pidfd_send_signal()` is available but `os.pidfd_open()` is not ([#51](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/51))


1.5.8 (2022-04-25)
------------------

### Fixes
* Explicitly attach the event loop to the `PidfdChildWatcher` when first initialized ([#50](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/50))


1.5.7 (2022-04-12)
------------------

### Fixes
* Fix regression of the default imports in macOS by removing the unused code that caused the misleading fix in #47 ([#49](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/49))


1.5.6 (2022-04-11)
------------------

### Features
* Add the `closing_async()` async context manager, in addition to `aclosing()` ([#48](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/48))
### Fixes
* Allow importing aiotools on Windows platforms, removing incompatible modules from the default `__all__` import list ([#47](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/47))


1.5.5 (2022-03-22)
------------------

### Features
* Add `wait_timeout` option to `start_server()` ([#46](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/46))

### Fixes
* Resolve singal races by minimizing expose of event loop in `afork()`-ed child processes ([#46](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/46))

### Miscellaneous
* Now the CI runs with Python 3.11a6 or later, with stdlib support of `asyncio.TaskGroup` ([#45](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/45))


1.5.4 (2022-03-10)
------------------

### Features
* Propagate task results and exceptions via separate future instances if they are `await`-ed by the caller of `create_task()` in `PersistentTaskGroup`, in addition to invocation of task group exception handler.  Note that `await`-ing those futures hangs indefinitely in Python 3.6 but we don't fix it since Python 3.6 is EoL as of December 2021. ([#44](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/44))


1.5.3 (2022-03-07)
------------------

### Fixes
* Fix feature detection for `ExceptionGroup` and let `MultiError` inherit `ExceptionGroup` instead of `BaseExceptionGroup` ([#42](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/42))


1.5.2 (2022-03-06)
------------------

### Fixes
* Restore the default export of `MultiError` for backward compatibility ([#40](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/40))
* Set `current_ptaskgroup` only when `PersistentTaskGroup` is used via the `async with` statement. ([#41](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/41))


1.5.1 (2022-03-06)
------------------

### Fixes
* Fix missing naming support of `TaskGroup` in Python 3.11 ([#39](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/39))


1.5.0 (2022-03-06)
------------------

### Features
* Add support for Python 3.9's `msg` argument to `Task.cancel()`. ([#32](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/32))
* Fix "unexpected cancel" bug in `TaskGroup`. ([#35](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/35))
* Rewrite PersistentTaskGroup to use Python 3.11's latest additions such as `Task.uncancel()` and `Task.cancelling()` while still supporting older Python versions ([#36](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/36))
* Add `PersistentTaskGroup.all()` to enumerate all non-terminated persistent task groups ([#38](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/38))


1.4.0 (2022-01-10)
------------------

### Features
* **ptaskgroup**: Implement `PersistentTaskGroup` ([#30](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/30))
* **server**: Expose `process_index` context variable for worker processes ([#31](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/31))


1.3.0 (2021-12-19)
------------------

### Fixes
* Add support for Python 3.10. ([#28](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/28))

### Documentation Changes
* Fix documentation builds on Python 3.10 and Sphinx 4.x, by removing the 3rd-party autodoc-typehints extension and custom stylesheet overrides. ([#28](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/28))


1.2.2 (2021-06-07)
------------------

### Fixes
* **fork:** Handle children's segfault (core-dump with signals) explicitly in `PidfdChildProcess` ([#27](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/27))


1.2.1 (2021-01-12)
------------------

### Fixes
* Avoid side effects of custom `clone()` function and resorts back to the combinatino of `os.fork()` and `os.pidfd_open()` for now ([#25](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/25))


1.2.0 (2021-01-12)
------------------

### Breaking Changes
* **server:** The `use_threading` argument for `start_server()` is completely deprecated. ([#23](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/23))

### Features
* Now the primary target is Python 3.9, though we still support from Python 3.6 ([#22](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/22))
* **fork:** Add a new module `fork` to support PID file descriptors in Linux 5.4+ and a POSIX-compatible fallback to asynchornously fork the Python process without signal/PID races. ([#22](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/22))
* **server:** Completely rewrote the module using the new `fork` module with handling of various edge cases such as async failures of sibiling child processes ([#23](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/23))


1.1.1 (2020-12-16)
------------------

### Fixes
* Fix a potential memory leak with `TaskGroup` when it's used for long-lived asyncio tasks. ([#21](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/21))


1.1.0 (2020-10-18)
------------------

### Features
* Add a `current_taskgroup` context-variable to the taskgroup module (only available for Python 3.7 or later)

### Fixes
* Fix missing auto-import of `taskgroup` module exports in the `aiotools` root package.

1.0.0 (2020-10-18)
------------------

### Features
* Adopt an implementation of the taskgroup API as `aiotools.taskgroup` from [EdgeDB](https://github.com/edgedb/edgedb-python/) ([#18](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/18))
* Add `timer.VirtualClock` which provides a virtual clock that makes a block of asyncio codes using `asyncio.sleep()` to complete instantly and deterministically ([#19](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/19))

### Miscellaneous
* Adopt towncrier for changelog management ([#15](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/15))
* Migrate to GitHub Actions for CI ([#19](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/19))

0.9.1 (2020-02-25)
------------------

* A maintenance release to fix up the ``defer`` module exports in the ``aiotools`` namespace.

0.9.0 (2020-02-25)
------------------

* **defer:** A new module that emulates Golang's ``defer()`` API with asyncio awareness.

0.8.5 (2019-11-19)
------------------

* **server:** Rewrite internals of the worker main functions to use native `async with`
  instead of manually unrolling `__aenter__()` and `__aexit__()` dunder methods, to keep
  the code simple and avoid potential bugs.

0.8.4 (2019-11-18)
------------------

* Python 3.8 is now officially supported.
* **server:** Fix errors when `multiprocessing.set_start_method("spawn")` is used.
  - NOTE: This is now the default for macOS since Python 3.8.
  - KNOWN ISSUE: [#12](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/12)
* Remove some packaging hacks in `__init__.py` and let setuptools read the version
  from a separate `aiotools/VERSION` text file.

0.8.3 (2019-10-07)
------------------

* **context:** Fix `aclosing()`'s `__aexit__()` exception arguments.

0.8.2 (2019-08-28)
------------------

* **context**, **server:** Catch asyncio.CancelledError along with BaseException to
  make the cancellation behavior consistent in Python 3.6, 3.7, and 3.8.

0.8.1 (2019-02-24)
------------------

* **server:** Fix yields of the received stop signal in main/worker context managers
  when using threaded workers.

0.8.0 (2018-11-18)
------------------

* **server:** Updated stop signal handling and now user-defined worker/main context
  managers have a way to distinguish the stop signal received.  See the updated
  docs for more details.

0.7.3 (2018-10-16)
------------------

* This ia a technical release to fix a test case preventing the automated CI
  release procedure.

0.7.2 (2018-10-16)
------------------

* Improve support for Python 3.6/3.7 using a small compatibility module against asyncio.
* func: Add `expire_after` option to `lru_cache()` function.

0.7.1 (2018-08-24)
------------------

* Minor updates to the documentation

0.7.0 (2018-08-24)
------------------

* Add support for Python 3.7
* **context:** Updated to work like Python 3.7
* **context:** Deprecated `AsyncContextDecorator` stuffs in Python 3.7+
* **context:** Added an alias to `contextlib.AsyncExitStack` in the standard library.

0.6.0 (2018-04-10)
------------------

* Introduce a new module `aiotools.iter` with `aiter()` function which
  corresponds to an async version of the builtin `iter()`.

0.5.4 (2018-02-01)
------------------

* **server:** Remove use of unncessary setpgrp syscall, which is also blocked by
  Docker's default seccomp profile!

0.5.3 (2018-01-12)
------------------

* **server:** Ooops! (a finally block should have been an else block)

0.5.2 (2018-01-12)
------------------

* **server:** Improve inner beauty (code readability)
* **server:** Improve reliability and portability of worker-to-main interrupts

0.5.1 (2018-01-11)
------------------

* **server:** Fix a race condition related to handling of worker
  initialization errors with multiple workers

0.5.0 (2017-11-08)
------------------

* **func:** Add `lru_cache()` which is a coroutine version of
  `functools.lru_cache()`

0.4.5 (2017-10-14)
------------------

* **server:** Fix a race condition related to signal handling in the
  multiprocessing module during termination
* **server:** Improve error handling during initialization of workers
  (automatic shutdown of other workers and the main loop after
  logging the exception)

0.4.4 (2017-09-12)
------------------

* Add a new module `aiotools.func` with `apartial()` function which is an
  async version of `functools.partial()` in the standard library

0.4.3 (2017-08-06)
------------------

* Add `aclosing()` context manager like `closing()` in the standard library
* Speed up Travis CI builds for packaging
* Now provide README in rst as well as CHANGES (this file)

0.4.2 (2017-08-01)
------------------

* `server`: Fix spawning subprocesses in child workers
* Add support for `uvloop`

0.4.0 (2017-08-01)
------------------

* Add `use_threading` argument to
* Add initial documentation (which currently not served
  on readthedocs.io due to Python version problem)

0.3.2 (2017-07-31)
------------------

* Add `extra_procs` argument to `start_server()` function
* Add socket and ZeroMQ server examples
* Improve CI configs

0.3.1 (2017-07-26)
------------------

* Improve CI scripts
* Adopt editorconfig

0.3.0 (2017-04-26)
------------------

* Add `start_server()` function using multiprocessing
  with automatic children lifecycle management
* Clarify the semantics of `AsyncContextGroup` using
  `asyncio.gather()` with `return_exceptions=True`

0.2.0 (2017-04-20)
------------------

* Add abstract types for `AsyncContextManager`
* Rename `AsyncGenContextManager` to `AsyncContextManager`
* Add `AsyncContextGroup`

0.1.1 (2017-04-14)
------------------

* Initial release

            

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    "description": "aiotools\n========\n\n[![PyPI release version](https://badge.fury.io/py/aiotools.svg)](https://pypi.org/project/aiotools/)\n![Supported Python versions](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/aiotools.svg)\n![Test Status](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/workflows/Test%20with%20pytest/badge.svg)\n[![Code Coverage](https://codecov.io/gh/achimnol/aiotools/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/achimnol/aiotools)\n\nIdiomatic asyncio utilties\n\n*NOTE:* This project is under early stage of development. The public APIs may break version by version.\n\n\nModules\n-------\n\n* [Async Context Manager](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.context.html)\n* [Async Fork](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.fork.html)\n* [Async Functools](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.func.html)\n* [Async Itertools](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.iter.html)\n* [Async Server](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.server.html)\n* [Async TaskGroup](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.taskgroup.html)\n* [Async Timer](http://aiotools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/aiotools.timer.html)\n\nI also recommend to try the following asyncio libraries for your happier life.\n\n* [async_timeout](https://github.com/aio-libs/async-timeout): Provides a light-weight timeout wrapper that does not spawn subtasks.\n* [aiojobs](https://github.com/aio-libs/aiojobs): Provides a concurrency-limited scheduler for asyncio tasks with graceful shutdown.\n* [trio](https://github.com/python-trio/trio): An alternative implementation of asynchronous IO stack for Python, with focus on cancellation scopes and task groups called \"nursery\".\n\n\nExamples\n--------\n\n### Async Context Manager\n\nThis is an asynchronous version of `contextlib.contextmanager` to make it\neasier to write asynchronous context managers without creating boilerplate\nclasses.\n\n```python\nimport asyncio\nimport aiotools\n\n@aiotools.actxmgr\nasync def mygen(a):\n   await asyncio.sleep(1)\n   yield a + 1\n   await asyncio.sleep(1)\n\nasync def somewhere():\n   async with mygen(1) as b:\n       assert b == 2\n```\n\nNote that you need to wrap `yield` with a try-finally block to\nensure resource releases (e.g., locks), even in the case when\nan exception is ocurred inside the async-with block.\n\n```python\nimport asyncio\nimport aiotools\n\nlock = asyncio.Lock()\n\n@aiotools.actxmgr\nasync def mygen(a):\n   await lock.acquire()\n   try:\n       yield a + 1\n   finally:\n       lock.release()\n\nasync def somewhere():\n   try:\n       async with mygen(1) as b:\n           raise RuntimeError('oops')\n   except RuntimeError:\n       print('caught!')  # you can catch exceptions here.\n```\n\nYou can also create a group of async context managers, which\nare entered/exited all at once using `asyncio.gather()`.\n\n```python\nimport asyncio\nimport aiotools\n\n@aiotools.actxmgr\nasync def mygen(a):\n   yield a + 10\n\nasync def somewhere():\n   ctxgrp = aiotools.actxgroup(mygen(i) for i in range(10))\n   async with ctxgrp as values:\n       assert len(values) == 10\n       for i in range(10):\n           assert values[i] == i + 10\n```\n\n### Async Server\n\nThis implements a common pattern to launch asyncio-based server daemons.\n\n```python\nimport asyncio\nimport aiotools\n\nasync def echo(reader, writer):\n   data = await reader.read(100)\n   writer.write(data)\n   await writer.drain()\n   writer.close()\n\n@aiotools.server\nasync def myworker(loop, pidx, args):\n   server = await asyncio.start_server(echo, '0.0.0.0', 8888,\n       reuse_port=True, loop=loop)\n   print(f'[{pidx}] started')\n   yield  # wait until terminated\n   server.close()\n   await server.wait_closed()\n   print(f'[{pidx}] terminated')\n\nif __name__ == '__main__':\n   # Run the above server using 4 worker processes.\n   aiotools.start_server(myworker, num_workers=4)\n```\n\nIt handles SIGINT/SIGTERM signals automatically to stop the server,\nas well as lifecycle management of event loops running on multiple processes.\nInternally it uses `aiotools.fork` module to get kernel support to resolve\npotential signal/PID related races via PID file descriptors on supported versions\n(Python 3.9+ and Linux kernel 5.4+).\n\n\n### Async TaskGroup\n\nA `TaskGroup` object manages the lifecycle of sub-tasks spawned via its `create_task()`\nmethod by guarding them with an async context manager which exits only when all sub-tasks\nare either completed or cancelled.\n\nThis is motivated from [trio's nursery API](https://trio.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference-core.html#nurseries-and-spawning)\nand a draft implementation is adopted from [EdgeDB's Python client library](https://github.com/edgedb/edgedb-python).\n\n```python\nimport aiotools\n\nasync def do():\n    async with aiotools.TaskGroup() as tg:\n        tg.create_task(...)\n        tg.create_task(...)\n        ...\n    # at this point, all subtasks are either cancelled or done.\n```\n\n\n### Async Timer\n\n```python\nimport aiotools\n\ni = 0\n\nasync def mytick(interval):\n   print(i)\n   i += 1\n\nasync def somewhere():\n   t = aiotools.create_timer(mytick, 1.0)\n   ...\n   t.cancel()\n   await t\n```\n\n`t` is an `asyncio.Task` object.\nTo stop the timer, call `t.cancel(); await t`.\nPlease don't forget `await`-ing `t` because it requires extra steps to\ncancel and await all pending tasks.\nTo make your timer function to be cancellable, add a try-except clause\ncatching `asyncio.CancelledError` since we use it as a termination\nsignal.\n\nYou may add `TimerDelayPolicy` argument to control the behavior when the\ntimer-fired task takes longer than the timer interval.\n`DEFAULT` is to accumulate them and cancel all the remainings at once when\nthe timer is cancelled.\n`CANCEL` is to cancel any pending previously fired tasks on every interval.\n\n```python\nimport asyncio\nimport aiotools\n\nasync def mytick(interval):\n   await asyncio.sleep(100)  # cancelled on every next interval.\n\nasync def somewhere():\n   t = aiotools.create_timer(mytick, 1.0, aiotools.TimerDelayPolicy.CANCEL)\n   ...\n   t.cancel()\n   await t\n```\n\n#### Virtual Clock\n\nIt provides a virtual clock that advances the event loop time instantly upon\nany combination of `asyncio.sleep()` calls in multiple coroutine tasks,\nby temporarily patching the event loop selector.\n\nThis is also used in [our timer test suite](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/blob/master/tests/test_timer.py).\n\n```python\nimport aiotools\nimport pytest\n\n@pytest.mark.asyncio\nasync def test_sleeps():\n    loop = aiotools.compat.get_running_loop()\n    vclock = aiotools.VirtualClock()\n    with vclock.patch_loop():\n        print(loop.time())  # -> prints 0\n        await asyncio.sleep(3600)\n        print(loop.time())  # -> prints 3600\n```\n\nChangelog\n=========\n\n<!--\n    You should *NOT* be adding new change log entries to this file, this\n    file is managed by towncrier. You *may* edit previous change logs to\n    fix problems like typo corrections or such.\n\n    To add a new change log entry, please refer\n    https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/development/contributing/#news-entries\n\n    We named the news folder \"changes\".\n\n    WARNING: Don't drop the last line!\n-->\n\n<!-- towncrier release notes start -->\n\n1.7.0 (2023-08-25)\n---------------------------------\n\n### Breaking changes\n* Dropped the support for Python 3.7 as it's end-of-life.\n\n### Fixes\n* Correct the type annotation of the callback argument in `create_timer()` ([#61](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/61))\n\n\n1.6.1 (2023-05-02)\n------------------\n\n### Fixes\n* PersistentTaskGroup no longer stores the history of unhandled exceptions and raises them as an exception group to prevent memory leaks ([#54](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/54))\n\n\n1.6.0 (2023-03-14)\n------------------\n\n### Features\n* Add `as_completed_safe()` which enhances `asyncio.as_completed()` using `PersistentTaskGroup` ([#52](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/52))\n\n\n1.5.9 (2022-04-26)\n------------------\n\n### Fixes\n* Improve checks for pidfd availability to avoid corner cases that may fail on Linux kernel 5.1 and 5.2 where `signal.pidfd_send_signal()` is available but `os.pidfd_open()` is not ([#51](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/51))\n\n\n1.5.8 (2022-04-25)\n------------------\n\n### Fixes\n* Explicitly attach the event loop to the `PidfdChildWatcher` when first initialized ([#50](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/50))\n\n\n1.5.7 (2022-04-12)\n------------------\n\n### Fixes\n* Fix regression of the default imports in macOS by removing the unused code that caused the misleading fix in #47 ([#49](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/49))\n\n\n1.5.6 (2022-04-11)\n------------------\n\n### Features\n* Add the `closing_async()` async context manager, in addition to `aclosing()` ([#48](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/48))\n### Fixes\n* Allow importing aiotools on Windows platforms, removing incompatible modules from the default `__all__` import list ([#47](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/47))\n\n\n1.5.5 (2022-03-22)\n------------------\n\n### Features\n* Add `wait_timeout` option to `start_server()` ([#46](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/46))\n\n### Fixes\n* Resolve singal races by minimizing expose of event loop in `afork()`-ed child processes ([#46](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/46))\n\n### Miscellaneous\n* Now the CI runs with Python 3.11a6 or later, with stdlib support of `asyncio.TaskGroup` ([#45](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/45))\n\n\n1.5.4 (2022-03-10)\n------------------\n\n### Features\n* Propagate task results and exceptions via separate future instances if they are `await`-ed by the caller of `create_task()` in `PersistentTaskGroup`, in addition to invocation of task group exception handler.  Note that `await`-ing those futures hangs indefinitely in Python 3.6 but we don't fix it since Python 3.6 is EoL as of December 2021. ([#44](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/44))\n\n\n1.5.3 (2022-03-07)\n------------------\n\n### Fixes\n* Fix feature detection for `ExceptionGroup` and let `MultiError` inherit `ExceptionGroup` instead of `BaseExceptionGroup` ([#42](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/42))\n\n\n1.5.2 (2022-03-06)\n------------------\n\n### Fixes\n* Restore the default export of `MultiError` for backward compatibility ([#40](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/40))\n* Set `current_ptaskgroup` only when `PersistentTaskGroup` is used via the `async with` statement. ([#41](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/41))\n\n\n1.5.1 (2022-03-06)\n------------------\n\n### Fixes\n* Fix missing naming support of `TaskGroup` in Python 3.11 ([#39](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/39))\n\n\n1.5.0 (2022-03-06)\n------------------\n\n### Features\n* Add support for Python 3.9's `msg` argument to `Task.cancel()`. ([#32](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/32))\n* Fix \"unexpected cancel\" bug in `TaskGroup`. ([#35](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/35))\n* Rewrite PersistentTaskGroup to use Python 3.11's latest additions such as `Task.uncancel()` and `Task.cancelling()` while still supporting older Python versions ([#36](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/36))\n* Add `PersistentTaskGroup.all()` to enumerate all non-terminated persistent task groups ([#38](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/38))\n\n\n1.4.0 (2022-01-10)\n------------------\n\n### Features\n* **ptaskgroup**: Implement `PersistentTaskGroup` ([#30](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/30))\n* **server**: Expose `process_index` context variable for worker processes ([#31](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/31))\n\n\n1.3.0 (2021-12-19)\n------------------\n\n### Fixes\n* Add support for Python 3.10. ([#28](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/28))\n\n### Documentation Changes\n* Fix documentation builds on Python 3.10 and Sphinx 4.x, by removing the 3rd-party autodoc-typehints extension and custom stylesheet overrides. ([#28](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/28))\n\n\n1.2.2 (2021-06-07)\n------------------\n\n### Fixes\n* **fork:** Handle children's segfault (core-dump with signals) explicitly in `PidfdChildProcess` ([#27](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/27))\n\n\n1.2.1 (2021-01-12)\n------------------\n\n### Fixes\n* Avoid side effects of custom `clone()` function and resorts back to the combinatino of `os.fork()` and `os.pidfd_open()` for now ([#25](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/25))\n\n\n1.2.0 (2021-01-12)\n------------------\n\n### Breaking Changes\n* **server:** The `use_threading` argument for `start_server()` is completely deprecated. ([#23](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/23))\n\n### Features\n* Now the primary target is Python 3.9, though we still support from Python 3.6 ([#22](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/22))\n* **fork:** Add a new module `fork` to support PID file descriptors in Linux 5.4+ and a POSIX-compatible fallback to asynchornously fork the Python process without signal/PID races. ([#22](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/22))\n* **server:** Completely rewrote the module using the new `fork` module with handling of various edge cases such as async failures of sibiling child processes ([#23](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/23))\n\n\n1.1.1 (2020-12-16)\n------------------\n\n### Fixes\n* Fix a potential memory leak with `TaskGroup` when it's used for long-lived asyncio tasks. ([#21](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/21))\n\n\n1.1.0 (2020-10-18)\n------------------\n\n### Features\n* Add a `current_taskgroup` context-variable to the taskgroup module (only available for Python 3.7 or later)\n\n### Fixes\n* Fix missing auto-import of `taskgroup` module exports in the `aiotools` root package.\n\n1.0.0 (2020-10-18)\n------------------\n\n### Features\n* Adopt an implementation of the taskgroup API as `aiotools.taskgroup` from [EdgeDB](https://github.com/edgedb/edgedb-python/) ([#18](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/18))\n* Add `timer.VirtualClock` which provides a virtual clock that makes a block of asyncio codes using `asyncio.sleep()` to complete instantly and deterministically ([#19](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/19))\n\n### Miscellaneous\n* Adopt towncrier for changelog management ([#15](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/15))\n* Migrate to GitHub Actions for CI ([#19](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/19))\n\n0.9.1 (2020-02-25)\n------------------\n\n* A maintenance release to fix up the ``defer`` module exports in the ``aiotools`` namespace.\n\n0.9.0 (2020-02-25)\n------------------\n\n* **defer:** A new module that emulates Golang's ``defer()`` API with asyncio awareness.\n\n0.8.5 (2019-11-19)\n------------------\n\n* **server:** Rewrite internals of the worker main functions to use native `async with`\n  instead of manually unrolling `__aenter__()` and `__aexit__()` dunder methods, to keep\n  the code simple and avoid potential bugs.\n\n0.8.4 (2019-11-18)\n------------------\n\n* Python 3.8 is now officially supported.\n* **server:** Fix errors when `multiprocessing.set_start_method(\"spawn\")` is used.\n  - NOTE: This is now the default for macOS since Python 3.8.\n  - KNOWN ISSUE: [#12](https://github.com/achimnol/aiotools/issues/12)\n* Remove some packaging hacks in `__init__.py` and let setuptools read the version\n  from a separate `aiotools/VERSION` text file.\n\n0.8.3 (2019-10-07)\n------------------\n\n* **context:** Fix `aclosing()`'s `__aexit__()` exception arguments.\n\n0.8.2 (2019-08-28)\n------------------\n\n* **context**, **server:** Catch asyncio.CancelledError along with BaseException to\n  make the cancellation behavior consistent in Python 3.6, 3.7, and 3.8.\n\n0.8.1 (2019-02-24)\n------------------\n\n* **server:** Fix yields of the received stop signal in main/worker context managers\n  when using threaded workers.\n\n0.8.0 (2018-11-18)\n------------------\n\n* **server:** Updated stop signal handling and now user-defined worker/main context\n  managers have a way to distinguish the stop signal received.  See the updated\n  docs for more details.\n\n0.7.3 (2018-10-16)\n------------------\n\n* This ia a technical release to fix a test case preventing the automated CI\n  release procedure.\n\n0.7.2 (2018-10-16)\n------------------\n\n* Improve support for Python 3.6/3.7 using a small compatibility module against asyncio.\n* func: Add `expire_after` option to `lru_cache()` function.\n\n0.7.1 (2018-08-24)\n------------------\n\n* Minor updates to the documentation\n\n0.7.0 (2018-08-24)\n------------------\n\n* Add support for Python 3.7\n* **context:** Updated to work like Python 3.7\n* **context:** Deprecated `AsyncContextDecorator` stuffs in Python 3.7+\n* **context:** Added an alias to `contextlib.AsyncExitStack` in the standard library.\n\n0.6.0 (2018-04-10)\n------------------\n\n* Introduce a new module `aiotools.iter` with `aiter()` function which\n  corresponds to an async version of the builtin `iter()`.\n\n0.5.4 (2018-02-01)\n------------------\n\n* **server:** Remove use of unncessary setpgrp syscall, which is also blocked by\n  Docker's default seccomp profile!\n\n0.5.3 (2018-01-12)\n------------------\n\n* **server:** Ooops! (a finally block should have been an else block)\n\n0.5.2 (2018-01-12)\n------------------\n\n* **server:** Improve inner beauty (code readability)\n* **server:** Improve reliability and portability of worker-to-main interrupts\n\n0.5.1 (2018-01-11)\n------------------\n\n* **server:** Fix a race condition related to handling of worker\n  initialization errors with multiple workers\n\n0.5.0 (2017-11-08)\n------------------\n\n* **func:** Add `lru_cache()` which is a coroutine version of\n  `functools.lru_cache()`\n\n0.4.5 (2017-10-14)\n------------------\n\n* **server:** Fix a race condition related to signal handling in the\n  multiprocessing module during termination\n* **server:** Improve error handling during initialization of workers\n  (automatic shutdown of other workers and the main loop after\n  logging the exception)\n\n0.4.4 (2017-09-12)\n------------------\n\n* Add a new module `aiotools.func` with `apartial()` function which is an\n  async version of `functools.partial()` in the standard library\n\n0.4.3 (2017-08-06)\n------------------\n\n* Add `aclosing()` context manager like `closing()` in the standard library\n* Speed up Travis CI builds for packaging\n* Now provide README in rst as well as CHANGES (this file)\n\n0.4.2 (2017-08-01)\n------------------\n\n* `server`: Fix spawning subprocesses in child workers\n* Add support for `uvloop`\n\n0.4.0 (2017-08-01)\n------------------\n\n* Add `use_threading` argument to\n* Add initial documentation (which currently not served\n  on readthedocs.io due to Python version problem)\n\n0.3.2 (2017-07-31)\n------------------\n\n* Add `extra_procs` argument to `start_server()` function\n* Add socket and ZeroMQ server examples\n* Improve CI configs\n\n0.3.1 (2017-07-26)\n------------------\n\n* Improve CI scripts\n* Adopt editorconfig\n\n0.3.0 (2017-04-26)\n------------------\n\n* Add `start_server()` function using multiprocessing\n  with automatic children lifecycle management\n* Clarify the semantics of `AsyncContextGroup` using\n  `asyncio.gather()` with `return_exceptions=True`\n\n0.2.0 (2017-04-20)\n------------------\n\n* Add abstract types for `AsyncContextManager`\n* Rename `AsyncGenContextManager` to `AsyncContextManager`\n* Add `AsyncContextGroup`\n\n0.1.1 (2017-04-14)\n------------------\n\n* Initial release\n",
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