| Name | econ-ark JSON |
| Version |
0.16.1
JSON |
| download |
| home_page | None |
| Summary | Heterogenous Agents Resources & toolKit |
| upload_time | 2025-07-25 01:54:17 |
| maintainer | None |
| docs_url | None |
| author | None |
| requires_python | >=3.10 |
| license | Apache License
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|
| keywords |
economics
modelling
modeling
heterogeneity
|
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<div align="center">
<a href="https://econ-ark.org">
<img src="https://econ-ark.org/assets/img/econ-ark-logo.png" align="center">
</a>
<br>
<br>
[](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/econ-ark)
[](https://pypi.org/project/econ-ark/)
[](https://docs.econ-ark.org/?badge=latest)
[](https://app.codecov.io/gh/econ-ark/hark/branch/master)
[](https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)
[](https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/50448254)
[](https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0)
[](https://numfocus.org/)
[](https://numfocus.org/donate-to-econ-ark)
[](https://github.com/econ-ark/hark/actions)
[](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/econ-ark/DemARK/master?filepath=notebooks)
[](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/econ-ark/HARK/master?filepath=examples)
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</div>
# Heterogeneous Agents Resources and toolKit (HARK)
HARK is a toolkit for the structural modeling of economic choices of optimizing and non-optimizing heterogeneous agents. For more information on using HARK, see the [Econ-ARK Website](https://econ-ark.org).
The Econ-ARK project is fiscally sponsored by [NumFOCUS](https://numfocus.org/). Consider making a [tax-deductible donation](https://numfocus.org/donate-to-econ-ark) to help the project pay for developer time, professional services, travel, workshops, and a variety of other needs.
<div align="center">
<a href="https://numfocus.org/project/econ-ark">
<img height="60px" src="https://numfocus.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/optNumFocus_LRG.png" align="center">
</a>
</div>
<br>
**This project is bound by a [Code of Conduct](/.github/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).**
# Questions/Comments/Help
We have a [Gitter](https://gitter.im) Econ-ARK [community](https://gitter.im/econ-ark/community).
# Table of Contents
- [Install](#install)
- [Usage](#usage)
- [Citation](#citation)
- [Support](#support)
- [Release Types](#release-types)
- [Documentation](#Documentation)
- [Introduction](#introduction)
- [For Students: A Gentle Introduction to Hark](#for-students-a-gentle-introduction-to-hark)
- [For Economists: Structural Modeling with Hark](#for-economists-structural-modeling-with-hark)
- [For Computational Economics Developers](#for-computational-economics-developers)
- [Contributing to HARK](#contributing-to-hark)
- [Disclaimer](#disclaimer)
## Install
Install from [Anaconda Cloud](https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/) by running:
`conda install -c conda-forge econ-ark`
Install from [PyPi](https://pypi.org/) by running:
`pip install econ-ark`
## Usage
We start with almost the simplest possible consumption model: A consumer with CRRA utility
<div align="center">
<img height="30px" src="https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK/blob/master/docs/images/usage-crra-utility-function.png">
</div>
has perfect foresight about everything except the (stochastic) date of death.
The agent's problem can be written in [Bellman form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellman_equation) as:
<div align="center">
<img height="80px" src="https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK/blob/master/docs/images/usage-agent-problem-bellman-form.png">
</div>
<br>
To model the above problem, start by importing the `PerfForesightConsumerType` model from the appropriate `HARK` module then create an agent instance using the appropriate parameters:
```python
import HARK
from HARK.ConsumptionSaving.ConsIndShockModel import PerfForesightConsumerType
PF_params = {
"CRRA": 2.5, # Relative risk aversion
"DiscFac": 0.96, # Discount factor
"Rfree": 1.03, # Risk free interest factor
"LivPrb": [0.98], # Survival probability
"PermGroFac": [1.01], # Income growth factor
"T_cycle": 1,
"cycles": 0,
"AgentCount": 10000,
}
# Create an instance of a Perfect Foresight agent with the above parameters
PFexample = PerfForesightConsumerType(**PF_params)
```
The parameter `T_cycle` sets the length of the period cycle. Lists of time-varying parameters must have this length. With `cycles=0` the single cycle repeats forever. If a parameter `T_age` is provided, each agent is removed from the simulation when their `t_age` counter reaches this value.
Once the model is created, ask the the agent to solve the problem with `.solve()`:
```python
# Tell the agent to solve the problem
PFexample.solve()
```
Solving the problem populates the agent's `.solution` list attribute with solutions to each period of the problem. In the case of an infinite horizon model, there is just one element in the list, at **index-zero**.
You can retrieve the solution's consumption function from the `.cFunc` attribute:
```python
# Retrieve the consumption function of the solution
PFexample.solution[0].cFunc
```
Or you can retrieve the solved value for human wealth normalized by permanent income from the solution's `.hNrm` attribute:
```python
# Retrieve the solved value for human wealth normalized by permanent income
PFexample.solution[0].hNrm
```
For a detailed explanation of the above example please see the demo notebook [_A Gentle Introduction to HARK_](https://docs.econ-ark.org/examples/Gentle-Intro/Gentle-Intro-To-HARK.html).
For more examples please visit the [examples](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/overview/index.html) section of the [documentation](https://docs.econ-ark.org/index.html), or the [econ-ark/DemARK](https://github.com/econ-ark/DemARK) repository.
## Citation
If using Econ-ARK in your work or research please [cite our Digital Object Identifier](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1332015) or copy the BibTex below.
[](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1332015)
[1] Carroll, Christopher D, Palmer, Nathan, White, Matthew N., Kazil, Jacqueline, Low, David C, & Kaufman, Alexander. (2017, October 3). _econ-ark/HARK_
**BibText**
```
@InProceedings{carroll_et_al-proc-scipy-2018,
author = { {C}hristopher {D}. {C}arroll and {A}lexander {M}. {K}aufman and {J}acqueline {L}. {K}azil and {N}athan {M}. {P}almer and {M}atthew {N}. {W}hite },
title = { {T}he {E}con-{A}{R}{K} and {H}{A}{R}{K}: {O}pen {S}ource {T}ools for {C}omputational {E}conomics },
booktitle = { {P}roceedings of the 17th {P}ython in {S}cience {C}onference },
pages = { 25 - 30 },
year = { 2018 },
editor = { {F}atih {A}kici and {D}avid {L}ippa and {D}illon {N}iederhut and {M} {P}acer },
doi = { 10.25080/Majora-4af1f417-004 }
}
```
For more on acknowledging Econ-ARK [visit our website](https://econ-ark.org/acknowledging).
## Support
Looking for help? Please open a [GitHub issue](https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK/issues/new) or reach out to us through the gitter [community](https://gitter.im/econ-ark/community).
## Release Types
- **Current**: Under active development. Code for the Current release is in the branch for its major version number (for example, v0.10.x).
- **Development**: Under active development. Code for the Current release is in the development.
Current releases follow [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/). For more information please see the [Release documentation](https://github.com/econ-ark/OverARK/wiki/Release-Management).
## Documentation
Documentation for the latest release is at [docs.econ-ark.org](https://docs.econ-ark.org/).
## Introduction
### For Students: A Gentle Introduction to HARK
Most of what economists have done so far with 'big data' has been like what Kepler did with astronomical data: Organizing the data, and finding patterns and regularities and interconnections.
An alternative approach called 'structural modeling' aims to do, for economic data, what Newton did for astronomical data: Provide a deep and rigorous mathematical (or computational) framework that distills the essence of the underlying behavior that produces the 'big data.'
The notebook [_A Gentle Introduction to HARK_](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/econ-ark/DemARK/master?filepath=notebooks/Gentle-Intro-To-HARK-PerfForesightCRRA.ipynb) details how you can easily utilize our toolkit for structural modeling. Starting with a simple [Perfect Foresight Model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_expectations) we solve an agent problem, then experiment with adding [income shocks](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(economics)>) and changing constructed attributes.
### For Economists: Structural Modeling with HARK
Dissatisfaction with the ability of Representative Agent models to answer important questions raised by the Great Recession has led to a strong movement in the macroeconomics literature toward 'Heterogeneous Agent' models, in which microeconomic agents (consumers; firms) solve a structural problem calibrated to match microeconomic data; aggregate outcomes are derived by explicitly simulating the equilibrium behavior of populations solving such models.
The same kinds of modeling techniques are also gaining popularity among microeconomists, in areas ranging from labor economics to industrial organization. In both macroeconomics and structural micro, the chief barrier to the wide adoption of these techniques has been that programming a structural model has, until now, required a great deal of specialized knowledge and custom software development.
HARK provides a robust, well-designed, open-source toolkit for building such models much more efficiently than has been possible in the past.
Our [_DCEGM Upper Envelope_](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/econ-ark/DemARK/master?filepath=notebooks%2FDCEGM-Upper-Envelope.ipynb) notebook illustrates using HARK to replicate the [Iskhakov, Jørgensen, Rust, and Schjerning paper](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3982/QE643) for solving the discrete-continuous retirement saving problem.
The notebook [_Making Structural Estimates From Empirical Results_](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/econ-ark/DemARK/master?filepath=notebooks%2FStructural-Estimates-From-Empirical-MPCs-Fagereng-et-al.ipynb) is another demonstration of using HARK to conduct a quick structural estimation based on Table 9 of [_MPC Heterogeneity and Household Balance Sheets_ by Fagereng, Holm, and Natvik](https://www.ssb.no/en/forskning/discussion-papers/_attachment/286054?_ts=158af859c98).
### For Computational Economics Developers
HARK provides a modular and extensible open-source toolkit for solving heterogeneous-agent partial-and general-equilibrium structural models. The code for such models has always been handcrafted, idiosyncratic, poorly documented, and sometimes not generously shared from leading researchers to outsiders. The result being that it can take years for a new researcher to become proficient. By building an integrated system from the bottom up using object-oriented programming techniques and other tools, we aim to provide a platform that will become a focal point for people using such models.
HARK is written in Python, making significant use of libraries such as numpy and scipy which offer a wide array of mathematical and statistical functions and tools. Our modules are generally categorized into Tools (mathematical functions and techniques), Models (particular economic models and solvers) and Applications (use of tools to simulate an economic phenomenon).
For more information on how you can create your own Models or use Tools and Model to create Applications please see the [documentation](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/guides/quick_start.html#for-other-developers-of-software-for-computational-economics)
### Contributing to HARK
**We want contributing to Econ-ARK to be fun, enjoyable, and educational for anyone, and everyone.**
Contributions go far beyond pull requests and commits. Although we love giving you the opportunity to put your stamp on HARK, we are also thrilled to receive a variety of other contributions including:
- Documentation updates, enhancements, designs, or bugfixes
- Spelling or grammar fixes
- REAME.md corrections or redesigns
- Adding unit, or functional tests
- [Triaging GitHub issues](https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK/issues?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=label%3A%E2%80%9DTag%3A+Triage+Needed%E2%80%9D+) -- e.g. pointing out the relevant files, checking for reproducibility
- [Searching for #econ-ark on twitter](https://twitter.com/search?q=econ-ark) and helping someone else who needs help
- Answering questions from StackOverflow tagged with [econ-ark](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/econ-ark)
- Teaching others how to contribute to HARK
- Blogging, speaking about, or creating tutorials about HARK
- Helping others in our mailing list
If you are worried or don’t know how to start, you can always reach out to us through the gitter [community](https://gitter.im/econ-ark/community)(#tsc-technical-steering-committee) or simply submit [an issue](https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK/issues/new) and a member can help give you guidance!
To install for development see the [Quickstart Guide](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/guides/installation.html).
For more information on contributing to HARK please see [the contributing guide](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/guides/contributing.html).
This is the guide that collaborators follow in maintaining the Econ-ARK project.
## Disclaimer
This is a beta version of HARK. The code has not been extensively tested as it should be. We hope it is useful, but there are absolutely no guarantees (expressed or implied) that it works or will do what you want. Use at your own risk. And please, let us know if you find bugs by posting an issue to [the GitHub page](https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK)!
## Detailed Explanations and Examples
To help users understand the purpose and features of the repository, we have provided detailed explanations and examples in various sections of the documentation. Here are some key resources:
- [Overview and Examples](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/overview/index.html): This section provides an introduction to HARK and includes various examples to help users understand how to use the toolkit.
- [Guides](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/guides/index.html): This section includes guides on installation, quick start, and contributing to HARK.
- [Reference](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/reference/index.html): This section provides detailed explanations and examples of the various tools and models available in the repository.
For more information and resources, please visit the [Econ-ARK documentation](https://docs.econ-ark.org/).
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"description": "<div align=\"center\">\r\n <a href=\"https://econ-ark.org\">\r\n <img src=\"https://econ-ark.org/assets/img/econ-ark-logo.png\" align=\"center\">\r\n </a>\r\n <br>\r\n <br>\r\n\r\n[](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/econ-ark)\r\n[](https://pypi.org/project/econ-ark/)\r\n[](https://docs.econ-ark.org/?badge=latest)\r\n[](https://app.codecov.io/gh/econ-ark/hark/branch/master)\r\n[](https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%22good+first+issue%22)\r\n[](https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/50448254)\r\n[](https://opensource.org/licenses/Apache-2.0)\r\n[](https://numfocus.org/)\r\n[](https://numfocus.org/donate-to-econ-ark)\r\n[](https://github.com/econ-ark/hark/actions)\r\n[](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/econ-ark/DemARK/master?filepath=notebooks)\r\n[](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/econ-ark/HARK/master?filepath=examples)\r\n\r\n<!--\r\n Badges to be created:\r\n\r\n[](\r\n https://dev.azure.com/econ-ark/hark/_build/latest?definitionId=5)\r\n\r\n[](\r\n https://codecov.io/gh/econ-ark/hark)\r\n\r\n-->\r\n\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n# Heterogeneous Agents Resources and toolKit (HARK)\r\n\r\nHARK is a toolkit for the structural modeling of economic choices of optimizing and non-optimizing heterogeneous agents. For more information on using HARK, see the [Econ-ARK Website](https://econ-ark.org).\r\n\r\nThe Econ-ARK project is fiscally sponsored by [NumFOCUS](https://numfocus.org/). Consider making a [tax-deductible donation](https://numfocus.org/donate-to-econ-ark) to help the project pay for developer time, professional services, travel, workshops, and a variety of other needs.\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n <a href=\"https://numfocus.org/project/econ-ark\">\r\n <img height=\"60px\" src=\"https://numfocus.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/optNumFocus_LRG.png\" align=\"center\">\r\n </a>\r\n</div>\r\n<br>\r\n\r\n**This project is bound by a [Code of Conduct](/.github/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).**\r\n\r\n# Questions/Comments/Help\r\n\r\nWe have a [Gitter](https://gitter.im) Econ-ARK [community](https://gitter.im/econ-ark/community).\r\n\r\n# Table of Contents\r\n\r\n- [Install](#install)\r\n- [Usage](#usage)\r\n- [Citation](#citation)\r\n- [Support](#support)\r\n- [Release Types](#release-types)\r\n- [Documentation](#Documentation)\r\n- [Introduction](#introduction)\r\n - [For Students: A Gentle Introduction to Hark](#for-students-a-gentle-introduction-to-hark)\r\n - [For Economists: Structural Modeling with Hark](#for-economists-structural-modeling-with-hark)\r\n - [For Computational Economics Developers](#for-computational-economics-developers)\r\n- [Contributing to HARK](#contributing-to-hark)\r\n- [Disclaimer](#disclaimer)\r\n\r\n## Install\r\n\r\nInstall from [Anaconda Cloud](https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/install/) by running:\r\n\r\n`conda install -c conda-forge econ-ark`\r\n\r\nInstall from [PyPi](https://pypi.org/) by running:\r\n\r\n`pip install econ-ark`\r\n\r\n## Usage\r\n\r\nWe start with almost the simplest possible consumption model: A consumer with CRRA utility\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n <img height=\"30px\" src=\"https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK/blob/master/docs/images/usage-crra-utility-function.png\">\r\n</div>\r\n\r\nhas perfect foresight about everything except the (stochastic) date of death.\r\n\r\nThe agent's problem can be written in [Bellman form](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellman_equation) as:\r\n\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n <img height=\"80px\" src=\"https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK/blob/master/docs/images/usage-agent-problem-bellman-form.png\">\r\n</div>\r\n\r\n<br>\r\n\r\nTo model the above problem, start by importing the `PerfForesightConsumerType` model from the appropriate `HARK` module then create an agent instance using the appropriate parameters:\r\n\r\n```python\r\nimport HARK\r\n\r\nfrom HARK.ConsumptionSaving.ConsIndShockModel import PerfForesightConsumerType\r\n\r\nPF_params = {\r\n \"CRRA\": 2.5, # Relative risk aversion\r\n \"DiscFac\": 0.96, # Discount factor\r\n \"Rfree\": 1.03, # Risk free interest factor\r\n \"LivPrb\": [0.98], # Survival probability\r\n \"PermGroFac\": [1.01], # Income growth factor\r\n \"T_cycle\": 1,\r\n \"cycles\": 0,\r\n \"AgentCount\": 10000,\r\n}\r\n\r\n# Create an instance of a Perfect Foresight agent with the above parameters\r\nPFexample = PerfForesightConsumerType(**PF_params)\r\n```\r\nThe parameter `T_cycle` sets the length of the period cycle. Lists of time-varying parameters must have this length. With `cycles=0` the single cycle repeats forever. If a parameter `T_age` is provided, each agent is removed from the simulation when their `t_age` counter reaches this value.\r\n\r\n\r\nOnce the model is created, ask the the agent to solve the problem with `.solve()`:\r\n\r\n```python\r\n# Tell the agent to solve the problem\r\nPFexample.solve()\r\n```\r\n\r\nSolving the problem populates the agent's `.solution` list attribute with solutions to each period of the problem. In the case of an infinite horizon model, there is just one element in the list, at **index-zero**.\r\n\r\nYou can retrieve the solution's consumption function from the `.cFunc` attribute:\r\n\r\n```python\r\n# Retrieve the consumption function of the solution\r\nPFexample.solution[0].cFunc\r\n```\r\n\r\nOr you can retrieve the solved value for human wealth normalized by permanent income from the solution's `.hNrm` attribute:\r\n\r\n```python\r\n# Retrieve the solved value for human wealth normalized by permanent income\r\nPFexample.solution[0].hNrm\r\n```\r\n\r\nFor a detailed explanation of the above example please see the demo notebook [_A Gentle Introduction to HARK_](https://docs.econ-ark.org/examples/Gentle-Intro/Gentle-Intro-To-HARK.html).\r\n\r\nFor more examples please visit the [examples](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/overview/index.html) section of the [documentation](https://docs.econ-ark.org/index.html), or the [econ-ark/DemARK](https://github.com/econ-ark/DemARK) repository.\r\n\r\n## Citation\r\n\r\nIf using Econ-ARK in your work or research please [cite our Digital Object Identifier](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1332015) or copy the BibTex below.\r\n\r\n[](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1332015)\r\n\r\n[1] Carroll, Christopher D, Palmer, Nathan, White, Matthew N., Kazil, Jacqueline, Low, David C, & Kaufman, Alexander. (2017, October 3). _econ-ark/HARK_\r\n\r\n**BibText**\r\n\r\n```\r\n@InProceedings{carroll_et_al-proc-scipy-2018,\r\n author = { {C}hristopher {D}. {C}arroll and {A}lexander {M}. {K}aufman and {J}acqueline {L}. {K}azil and {N}athan {M}. {P}almer and {M}atthew {N}. {W}hite },\r\n title = { {T}he {E}con-{A}{R}{K} and {H}{A}{R}{K}: {O}pen {S}ource {T}ools for {C}omputational {E}conomics },\r\n booktitle = { {P}roceedings of the 17th {P}ython in {S}cience {C}onference },\r\n pages = { 25 - 30 },\r\n year = { 2018 },\r\n editor = { {F}atih {A}kici and {D}avid {L}ippa and {D}illon {N}iederhut and {M} {P}acer },\r\n doi = { 10.25080/Majora-4af1f417-004 }\r\n}\r\n```\r\n\r\nFor more on acknowledging Econ-ARK [visit our website](https://econ-ark.org/acknowledging).\r\n\r\n## Support\r\n\r\nLooking for help? Please open a [GitHub issue](https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK/issues/new) or reach out to us through the gitter [community](https://gitter.im/econ-ark/community).\r\n\r\n## Release Types\r\n\r\n- **Current**: Under active development. Code for the Current release is in the branch for its major version number (for example, v0.10.x).\r\n- **Development**: Under active development. Code for the Current release is in the development.\r\n\r\nCurrent releases follow [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/). For more information please see the [Release documentation](https://github.com/econ-ark/OverARK/wiki/Release-Management).\r\n\r\n## Documentation\r\n\r\nDocumentation for the latest release is at [docs.econ-ark.org](https://docs.econ-ark.org/).\r\n\r\n## Introduction\r\n\r\n### For Students: A Gentle Introduction to HARK\r\n\r\nMost of what economists have done so far with 'big data' has been like what Kepler did with astronomical data: Organizing the data, and finding patterns and regularities and interconnections.\r\n\r\nAn alternative approach called 'structural modeling' aims to do, for economic data, what Newton did for astronomical data: Provide a deep and rigorous mathematical (or computational) framework that distills the essence of the underlying behavior that produces the 'big data.'\r\n\r\nThe notebook [_A Gentle Introduction to HARK_](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/econ-ark/DemARK/master?filepath=notebooks/Gentle-Intro-To-HARK-PerfForesightCRRA.ipynb) details how you can easily utilize our toolkit for structural modeling. Starting with a simple [Perfect Foresight Model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_expectations) we solve an agent problem, then experiment with adding [income shocks](<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(economics)>) and changing constructed attributes.\r\n\r\n### For Economists: Structural Modeling with HARK\r\n\r\nDissatisfaction with the ability of Representative Agent models to answer important questions raised by the Great Recession has led to a strong movement in the macroeconomics literature toward 'Heterogeneous Agent' models, in which microeconomic agents (consumers; firms) solve a structural problem calibrated to match microeconomic data; aggregate outcomes are derived by explicitly simulating the equilibrium behavior of populations solving such models.\r\n\r\nThe same kinds of modeling techniques are also gaining popularity among microeconomists, in areas ranging from labor economics to industrial organization. In both macroeconomics and structural micro, the chief barrier to the wide adoption of these techniques has been that programming a structural model has, until now, required a great deal of specialized knowledge and custom software development.\r\n\r\nHARK provides a robust, well-designed, open-source toolkit for building such models much more efficiently than has been possible in the past.\r\n\r\nOur [_DCEGM Upper Envelope_](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/econ-ark/DemARK/master?filepath=notebooks%2FDCEGM-Upper-Envelope.ipynb) notebook illustrates using HARK to replicate the [Iskhakov, J\u00f8rgensen, Rust, and Schjerning paper](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.3982/QE643) for solving the discrete-continuous retirement saving problem.\r\n\r\nThe notebook [_Making Structural Estimates From Empirical Results_](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/econ-ark/DemARK/master?filepath=notebooks%2FStructural-Estimates-From-Empirical-MPCs-Fagereng-et-al.ipynb) is another demonstration of using HARK to conduct a quick structural estimation based on Table 9 of [_MPC Heterogeneity and Household Balance Sheets_ by Fagereng, Holm, and Natvik](https://www.ssb.no/en/forskning/discussion-papers/_attachment/286054?_ts=158af859c98).\r\n\r\n### For Computational Economics Developers\r\n\r\nHARK provides a modular and extensible open-source toolkit for solving heterogeneous-agent partial-and general-equilibrium structural models. The code for such models has always been handcrafted, idiosyncratic, poorly documented, and sometimes not generously shared from leading researchers to outsiders. The result being that it can take years for a new researcher to become proficient. By building an integrated system from the bottom up using object-oriented programming techniques and other tools, we aim to provide a platform that will become a focal point for people using such models.\r\n\r\nHARK is written in Python, making significant use of libraries such as numpy and scipy which offer a wide array of mathematical and statistical functions and tools. Our modules are generally categorized into Tools (mathematical functions and techniques), Models (particular economic models and solvers) and Applications (use of tools to simulate an economic phenomenon).\r\n\r\nFor more information on how you can create your own Models or use Tools and Model to create Applications please see the [documentation](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/guides/quick_start.html#for-other-developers-of-software-for-computational-economics)\r\n\r\n### Contributing to HARK\r\n\r\n**We want contributing to Econ-ARK to be fun, enjoyable, and educational for anyone, and everyone.**\r\n\r\nContributions go far beyond pull requests and commits. Although we love giving you the opportunity to put your stamp on HARK, we are also thrilled to receive a variety of other contributions including:\r\n\r\n- Documentation updates, enhancements, designs, or bugfixes\r\n- Spelling or grammar fixes\r\n- REAME.md corrections or redesigns\r\n- Adding unit, or functional tests\r\n- [Triaging GitHub issues](https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK/issues?utf8=%E2%9C%93&q=label%3A%E2%80%9DTag%3A+Triage+Needed%E2%80%9D+) -- e.g. pointing out the relevant files, checking for reproducibility\r\n- [Searching for #econ-ark on twitter](https://twitter.com/search?q=econ-ark) and helping someone else who needs help\r\n- Answering questions from StackOverflow tagged with [econ-ark](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/econ-ark)\r\n- Teaching others how to contribute to HARK\r\n- Blogging, speaking about, or creating tutorials about HARK\r\n- Helping others in our mailing list\r\n\r\nIf you are worried or don\u2019t know how to start, you can always reach out to us through the gitter [community](https://gitter.im/econ-ark/community)(#tsc-technical-steering-committee) or simply submit [an issue](https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK/issues/new) and a member can help give you guidance!\r\n\r\nTo install for development see the [Quickstart Guide](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/guides/installation.html).\r\n\r\nFor more information on contributing to HARK please see [the contributing guide](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/guides/contributing.html).\r\nThis is the guide that collaborators follow in maintaining the Econ-ARK project.\r\n\r\n## Disclaimer\r\n\r\nThis is a beta version of HARK. The code has not been extensively tested as it should be. We hope it is useful, but there are absolutely no guarantees (expressed or implied) that it works or will do what you want. Use at your own risk. And please, let us know if you find bugs by posting an issue to [the GitHub page](https://github.com/econ-ark/HARK)!\r\n\r\n## Detailed Explanations and Examples\r\n\r\nTo help users understand the purpose and features of the repository, we have provided detailed explanations and examples in various sections of the documentation. Here are some key resources:\r\n\r\n- [Overview and Examples](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/overview/index.html): This section provides an introduction to HARK and includes various examples to help users understand how to use the toolkit.\r\n- [Guides](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/guides/index.html): This section includes guides on installation, quick start, and contributing to HARK.\r\n- [Reference](https://docs.econ-ark.org/docs/reference/index.html): This section provides detailed explanations and examples of the various tools and models available in the repository.\r\n\r\nFor more information and resources, please visit the [Econ-ARK documentation](https://docs.econ-ark.org/).\r\n",
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