# Ether_Testing_Platform
Tools for testing ethereum based applications.
## Installation
```sh
pip install ethter
```
## Quick Start
```python
>>> from ethter import EthereumTester
>>> t = EthereumTester()
>>> t.get_accounts()
('0x7E5F4552091A69125d5DfCb7b8C2659029395Bdf',
'0x2B5AD5c4795c026514f8317c7a215E218DcCD6cF',
'0x6813Eb9362372EEF6200f3b1dbC3f819671cBA69',
'0x1efF47bc3a10a45D4B230B5d10E37751FE6AA718',
'0xe1AB8145F7E55DC933d51a18c793F901A3A0b276',
'0xE57bFE9F44b819898F47BF37E5AF72a0783e1141',
'0xd41c057fd1c78805AAC12B0A94a405c0461A6FBb',
'0xF1F6619B38A98d6De0800F1DefC0a6399eB6d30C',
'0xF7Edc8FA1eCc32967F827C9043FcAe6ba73afA5c',
'0x4CCeBa2d7D2B4fdcE4304d3e09a1fea9fbEb1528')
>>> t.get_balance('0x7E5F4552091A69125d5DfCb7b8C2659029395Bdf')
1000000000000000000000000
>>> t.send_transaction({
... 'from': '0x7E5F4552091A69125d5DfCb7b8C2659029395Bdf',
... 'to': '0x2B5AD5c4795c026514f8317c7a215E218DcCD6cF',
... 'gas': 30000,
... 'value': 1,
... 'max_fee_per_gas': 1000000000,
... 'max_priority_fee_per_gas': 1000000000,
... 'chain_id': 131277322940537,
... 'access_list': (
... {
... 'address': '0xde0b295669a9fd93d5f28d9ec85e40f4cb697bae',
... 'storage_keys': (
... '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003',
... '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007',
... )
... },
... {
... 'address': '0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413',
... 'storage_keys': ()
... },
... )
... })
'0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109'
>>> t.get_transaction_by_hash('0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109')
{'type': '0x2',
'hash': '0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109',
'nonce': 0,
'block_hash': '0x28b95514984b0abbd91d88f1a542eaeeb810c24e0234e09891b7d6b3f94f47ed',
'block_number': 1,
'transaction_index': 0,
'from': '0x7E5F4552091A69125d5DfCb7b8C2659029395Bdf',
'to': '0x2B5AD5c4795c026514f8317c7a215E218DcCD6cF',
'value': 1,
'gas': 30000,
'data': '0x',
'r': 60071646517429056848243893841817235885102606421189844318110381014348740252962,
's': 55731679314783756278323646144996847004593793888590884914350251538533006990589,
'v': 0,
'chain_id': 131277322940537,
'max_fee_per_gas': 1000000000,
'max_priority_fee_per_gas': 1000000000,
'access_list': ({'address': '0xde0B295669a9FD93d5F28D9Ec85E40f4cb697BAe',
'storage_keys': ('0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003',
'0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007')},
{'address': '0xBB9bc244D798123fDe783fCc1C72d3Bb8C189413',
'storage_keys': ()}),
'gas_price': 1000000000}
>>> t.get_transaction_receipt('0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109')
{'transaction_hash': '0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109',
'transaction_index': 0,
'block_number': 1,
'block_hash': '0x28b95514984b0abbd91d88f1a542eaeeb810c24e0234e09891b7d6b3f94f47ed',
'cumulative_gas_used': 29600,
'gas_used': 29600,
'effective_gas_price': 1000000000,
'contract_address': None,
'logs': (),
'type': '0x2',
'status': 1}
```
## Development
```sh
pip install -e ".[dev]"
```
### Running the tests
You can run the tests with:
```sh
py.test tests
```
Or you can install `tox` to run the full test suite.
### Releasing
Pandoc is required for transforming the markdown README to the proper format to
render correctly on pypi.
For Debian-like systems:
```
apt install pandoc
```
Or on OSX:
```sh
brew install pandoc
```
To release a new version:
First, compile and commit the release notes:
```sh
make notes bump={one of: major, minor, patch, devnum}
```
Then, do the actual release:
```sh
make release bump={one of: major, minor, patch, devnum}
```
#### How to bumpversion
The version format for this repo is `{major}.{minor}.{patch}` for stable, and
`{major}.{minor}.{patch}-{stage}.{devnum}` for unstable (`stage` can be alpha or beta).
To issue the next version in line, use bumpversion and specify which part to bump,
like `bumpversion minor` or `bumpversion devnum`.
If you are in a beta version, `bumpversion stage` will switch to a stable.
To issue an unstable version when the current version is stable, specify the
new version explicitly, like `bumpversion --new-version 4.0.0-alpha.1 devnum`
# Documentation
## Input and output data formats
The ethereum tester library strictly enforces the following input formats and
types.
* Hexadecimal values **must** be text (not byte) strings. The `0x` prefix is optional.
* Any address which contains mixed-case alpha characters will be validated as a checksummed address as specified by [EIP-55](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-55.md)
* 32-byte hashes **must** be hexadecimal encoded.
* Numeric values **must** be in their integer representation.
Similarly, ethereum tester ensures that return values conform to similar rules.
* 32-byte hashes will be returned in their hexadecimal encoded representation.
* Addresses will be returned in their hexadecimal representation and EIP55 checksummed.
* Numeric values will be returned as integers.
## Block Numbers
<a id="block-numbers"></a>
Any `block_number` parameter will accept the following string values.
* `'latest'`: for the latest mined block.
* `'pending'`: for the current un-mined block.
* `'earliest'`: for the genesis block.
* `'safe'`: for the last block that has passed 2/3 of attestations post-merge.
* `'finalized'`: for the last finalized block post-merge.
> Note: These **must** be text strings (not byte stringS)
## `ethter.EthereumTester`
### API
### Instantiation
* `ethter.EthereumTester(backend=None, validator=None, normalizer=None, auto_mine_transactions=True, fork_blocks=None)`
The `EthereumTester` object is the sole API entrypoint. Instantiation of this
object accepts the following parameters.
- `backend`: The chain backend being used. See the [chain backends](#backends)
- `validator`: The validator being used. See the [validators](#validation)
- `normalizer`: The normalizer being used. See the [normalizers](#normalization)
- `auto_mine_transactions`: If *truthy* transactions will be automatically mined at the time they are submitted. See [`enable_auto_mine_transactions`](#api-enable_auto_mine_transactions) and [`disable_auto_mine_transactions`](#api-disable_auto_mine_transactions).
- `fork_blocks`: configures which block numbers the various network hard fork rules will be activated. See [fork-rules](#fork-rules)
```python
>>> from ethter import EthereumTester
>>> t = EthereumTester()
>>> t
<ethter.main.EthereumTester at 0x102255710>
```
### Fork Rules
<a id="fork-rules"></a>
Ethereum tester uses the Paris (PoS) fork rules, starting at block 0.
### Time Travel
<a id="time-travel"></a>
The chain can only time travel forward in time.
<a id="api-time_travel"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.time_travel(timestamp)`
The `timestamp` must be an integer, strictly greater than the current timestamp
of the latest block.
> Note: Time traveling will result in a new block being mined.
### Mining
Manually mining blocks can be done with the following API. The `coinbase`
parameter of these methods **must** be a hexadecimal encoded address.
<a id="api-mine_blocks"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.mine_blocks(num_blocks=1, coinbase=ZERO_ADDRESS)`
Mines `num_blocks` new blocks, returning an iterable of the newly mined block hashes.
<a id="api-mine_block"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.mine_block(coinbase=ZERO_ADDRESS)`
Mines a single new block, returning the mined block's hash.
<a id="api-auto_mine_transactions"></a>
#### Auto-mining transactions
By default, all transactions are mined immediately. This means that each transaction you send will result in a new block being mined, and that all blocks will only ever have at most a single transaction. This behavior can be controlled with the following methods.
<a id="api-enable_auto_mine_transactions"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.enable_auto_mine_transactions()`
Turns on auto-mining of transactions.
<a id="api-disable_auto_mine_transactions"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.disable_auto_mine_transactions()`
Turns **off** auto-mining of transactions.
### Accounts
The following API can be used to interact with account data. The `account`
parameter in these methods **must** be a hexadecimal encode address.
<a id="api-get_accounts"></a>
`EthereumTester.get_accounts()`
Returns an iterable of the accounts that the tester knows about. All accounts
in this list will be EIP55 checksummed.
```python
>>> t.get_accounts()
('0x82A978B3f5962A5b0957d9ee9eEf472EE55B42F1',
'0x7d577a597B2742b498Cb5Cf0C26cDCD726d39E6e',
...
'0x90F0B1EBbbA1C1936aFF7AAf20a7878FF9e04B6c')
```
<a id="api-add_account"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.add_account(private_key, password=None)`
Adds a new account for the given private key. Returns the hex encoded address
of the added account.
```python
>>> t.add_account('0x58d23b55bc9cdce1f18c2500f40ff4ab7245df9a89505e9b1fa4851f623d241d')
'0xdc544d1aa88ff8bbd2f2aec754b1f1e99e1812fd'
```
By default, added accounts are unlocked and do not have a password. If you
would like to add an account which has a password, you can supply the password
as the second parameter.
```python
>>> t.add_account('0x58d23b55bc9cdce1f18c2500f40ff4ab7245df9a89505e9b1fa4851f623d241d', 'my-secret')
'0xdc544d1aa88ff8bbd2f2aec754b1f1e99e1812fd'
```
<a id="api-unlock_account"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.unlock_account(account, password, unlock_seconds=None)`
Unlocks the given account if the provided password matches.
Raises a `ValidationError` if:
* The account is not known.
* The password does not match.
* The account was created without a password.
```python
>>> t.unlock_account('0xdc544d1aa88ff8bbd2f2aec754b1f1e99e1812fd', 'my-secret')
```
By default, accounts will be unlocked indefinitely. You can however unlock an
account for a specified amount of time by providing the desired duration in
seconds.
```python
# unlock for 1 hour.
>>> t.unlock_account('0xdc544d1aa88ff8bbd2f2aec754b1f1e99e1812fd', 'my-secret', 60 * 60)
```
<a id="api-lock_account"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.lock_account(account)`
Locks the provided account.
Raises a `ValidationError` if:
* The account is not known
* The account does not have a password.
<a id="api-get_balance"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.get_balance(account) -> integer`
Returns the balance, in wei, for the provided account.
```python
>>> t.get_balance('0x82A978B3f5962A5b0957d9ee9eEf472EE55B42F1')
1000004999999999999999999
```
<a id="api-get_nonce"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.get_nonce(account) -> integer`
Returns the nonce for the provided account.
```python
>>> t.get_nonce('0x82A978B3f5962A5b0957d9ee9eEf472EE55B42F1')
1
```
<a id="api-get_code"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.get_code(account) -> hex string`
Returns the code for the given account.
```python
>>> t.get_code('0x82A978B3f5962A5b0957d9ee9eEf472EE55B42F1')
"0x"
```
### Blocks, Transactions, and Receipts
<a id="api-get_transaction_by_hash"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.get_transaction_by_hash(transaction_hash) -> transaction-object`
Returns the transaction for the given hash, raising a
[`TransactionNotFound`](#errors-TransactionNotFound) exception if the
transaction cannot be found.
```python
>>> t.get_transaction_by_hash('0x21ae665f707e12a5f1bb13ef8c706b65cc5accfd03e7067ce683d831f51122e6')
{'type': '0x2',
'hash': '0x21ae665f707e12a5f1bb13ef8c706b65cc5accfd03e7067ce683d831f51122e6',
'nonce': 0,
'block_hash': '0x810731efeb7498fc0ac3bc7c72a71571b672c9fdbfbfd8b435f483e368e8ef7e',
'block_number': 1,
'transaction_index': 0,
'from': '0x2B5AD5c4795c026514f8317c7a215E218DcCD6cF',
'to': '0x7E5F4552091A69125d5DfCb7b8C2659029395Bdf',
'value': 1337,
'gas': 21000,
'data': '0x',
'r': 1713666669454033023988006960017431058214051587080823768269189498559514600280,
's': 32003859822305799628524852194521134173285969678963273753063458725692016415033,
'v': 0,
'chain_id': 131277322940537,
'max_fee_per_gas': 2000000000,
'max_priority_fee_per_gas': 500000000,
'access_list': (),
'gas_price': 1375000000}
```
> Note: For unmined transaction, `transaction_index`, `block_number` and `block_hash` will all be `None`.
<a id="api-get_block_by_number"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.get_block_by_number(block_number, full_transactions=False) -> block-object`
Returns the block for the given `block_number`. See [block
numbers](#block-numbers) for named block numbers you can use. If
`full_transactions` is truthy, then the transactions array will be populated
with full transaction objects as opposed to their hashes.
Raises [`BlockNotFound`](#errors-BlockNotFound) if a block for the given number
cannot be found.
```python
>>> t.get_block_by_number(1)
{'number': 1,
'hash': '0xd481955268d1f3db58ee61685a899a35e33e8fd35b9cc0812f85b9f06757140e',
'parent_hash': '0x5be984ab842071903ee443a5dee92603bef42de35b4e10928e753f7e88a7163a',
'nonce': '0x0000000000000000',
'sha3_uncles': '0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347',
'logs_bloom': 0,
'transactions_root': '0xef1e11d99f7db22fd93c6a10d44753d4a93e9f6ecb2f1e5030a0a91f1d3b07ac',
'receipts_root': '0x611e48488cf80b4c31f01ad45b6ebea533a68255a6d0240d434d9366a3582010',
'state_root': '0x9ce568dcaa6f130d733b333304f2c26a19334ed328a7eb9bb31707306381ba65',
'coinbase': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
'difficulty': 0,
'total_difficulty': 0,
'mix_hash': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
'size': 751,
'extra_data': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
'gas_limit': 3141592,
'gas_used': 29600,
'timestamp': 1633669276,
'transactions': ('0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109',),
'uncles': (),
'base_fee_per_gas': 875000000}
```
<a id="api-get_block_by_hash"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.get_block_by_hash(block_hash, full_transactions=True) -> block-object`
Returns the block for the given `block_hash`. The `full_transactions`
parameter behaves the same as in
[`get_block_by_number`](#api-get_block_by_number).
Raises [`BlockNotFound`](#errors-BlockNotFound) if a block for the given hash
cannot be found.
```python
>>> t.get_block_by_hash('0x0f50c8ea0f67ce0b7bff51ae866159edc443bde87de2ab26010a15b777244ddd')
{'number': 1,
'hash': '0xd481955268d1f3db58ee61685a899a35e33e8fd35b9cc0812f85b9f06757140e',
'parent_hash': '0x5be984ab842071903ee443a5dee92603bef42de35b4e10928e753f7e88a7163a',
'nonce': '0x0000000000000000',
'sha3_uncles': '0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347',
'logs_bloom': 0,
'transactions_root': '0xef1e11d99f7db22fd93c6a10d44753d4a93e9f6ecb2f1e5030a0a91f1d3b07ac',
'receipts_root': '0x611e48488cf80b4c31f01ad45b6ebea533a68255a6d0240d434d9366a3582010',
'state_root': '0x9ce568dcaa6f130d733b333304f2c26a19334ed328a7eb9bb31707306381ba65',
'coinbase': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
'difficulty': 0,
'total_difficulty': 0,
'mix_hash': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
'size': 751,
'extra_data': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',
'gas_limit': 3141592,
'gas_used': 29600,
'timestamp': 1633669276,
'transactions': ('0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109',),
'uncles': (),
'base_fee_per_gas': 875000000}
```
<a id="api-get_transaction_receipt"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.get_transaction_receipt(transaction_hash)`
Returns the receipt for the given `transaction_hash`, raising
[`TransactionNotFound`](#errors-TransactionNotFound) if no transaction can be
found for the given hash.
```python
>>> t.get_transaction_receipt('0x9a7cc8b7accf54ecb1901bf4d0178f28ca457bb9f9c245692c0ca8fabef08d3b')
{'block_hash': '0x878f779d8bb25b25fb78fc16b8d64d70a5961310ef1689571aec632e9424290c',
'block_number': 2,
'contract_address': None,
'cumulative_gas_used': 23154,
'gas_used': 23154,
'logs': ({'address': '0xd6F084Ee15E38c4f7e091f8DD0FE6Fe4a0E203Ef',
'block_hash': '0x878f779d8bb25b25fb78fc16b8d64d70a5961310ef1689571aec632e9424290c',
'block_number': 2,
'data': '0x',
'log_index': 0,
'topics': (
'0xf70fe689e290d8ce2b2a388ac28db36fbb0e16a6d89c6804c461f65a1b40bb15',
'0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003039'),
'transaction_hash': '0x9a7cc8b7accf54ecb1901bf4d0178f28ca457bb9f9c245692c0ca8fabef08d3b',
'transaction_index': 0,
'type': 'mined'},),
'transaction_hash': '0x9a7cc8b7accf54ecb1901bf4d0178f28ca457bb9f9c245692c0ca8fabef08d3b',
'transaction_index': 0}
```
- Receipts for unmined transactions will have all of `block_hash`, `block_number` and `transaction_index` set to `None`.
- Receipts for transactions which create a contract will have the created contract address in the `contract_address` field.
### Transaction Sending
A transaction is a formatted as a dictionary with the following keys and
values.
* `from`: The address of the account sending the transaction (hexadecimal string).
* `to`: The address of the account the transaction is being sent to. Empty string should be used to trigger contract creation (hexadecimal string).
* `gas`: Sets the gas limit for transaction execution (integer).
* `value`: The amount of ether in wei that should be sent with the transaction (integer).
* `data`: The data for the transaction (hexadecimal string).
* `chain_id`: The integer id for the chain the transaction is meant to interact with.
In addition to the above, the following parameters are added based on the type of transaction being sent:
#### Legacy transactions
* `gas_price`: Sets the price per unit of gas in wei that will be paid for transaction execution (integer).
#### Access list transactions (EIP-2930)
* `gas_price`: Sets the price per unit of gas in wei that will be paid for transaction execution (integer).
* `access_list` (optional): Specifies accounts and storage slots expected to be accessed, based on the transaction, in order to
gain a discount on the gas for those executions (see quickstart example for usage).
#### Dynamic fee transactions (EIP-1559)
* `max_fee_per_gas`: Sets the maximum fee per unit of gas in wei that will be paid for transaction execution (integer).
* `max_priority_fee_per_gas`: Sets the fee per unit of gas in wei that is sent to the coinbase address as an incentive for including the transaction (integer).
* `access_list` (optional): Specifies accounts and storage slots expected to be accessed, based on the transaction, in order to
gain a discount on the gas for those executions (see quickstart example for usage).
### Methods
<a id="api-send_transaction"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.send_transaction(transaction) -> transaction_hash`
Sends the provided `transaction` object, returning the `transaction_hash` for
the sent transaction.
<a id="api-call"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.call(transaction, block_number='latest')`
Executes the provided `transaction` object at the evm state from the block
denoted by the `block_number` parameter, returning the resulting bytes return
value from the evm.
<a id="api-estimate_gas"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.estimate_gas(transaction)`
Executes the provided `transaction` object, measuring and returning the gas
consumption.
### Logs and Filters
<a id="api-create_block_filter"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.create_block_filter() -> integer`
Creates a new filter for newly mined blocks. Returns the `filter_id` which can
be used to retrieve the block hashes for the mined blocks.
```python
>>> filter_id = t.create_block_filter()
>>> filter_id = t.create_block_filter()
>>> t.mine_blocks(3)
>>> t.get_only_filter_changes(filter_id)
('0x07004287f82c1a7ab15d7b8baa03ac14d7e9167ab74e47e1dc4bd2213dd18431',
'0x5e3222c506585e1202da08c7231afdc5e472c777c245b822f44f141d335c744a',
'0x4051c3ba3dcca95da5db1be38e44f5b47fd1a855ba522123e3254fe3f8e271ea')
>>> t.mine_blocks(2)
>>> t.get_only_filter_changes(filter_id)
('0x6649c3a7cb3c7ede3a4fd10ae9dd63775eccdafe39ace5f5a9ae81d360089fba',
'0x04890a08bca0ed2f1496eb29c5dc7aa66014c85377c6d9d9c2c315f85204b39c')
>>> t.get_all_filter_logs(filter_id)
('0x07004287f82c1a7ab15d7b8baa03ac14d7e9167ab74e47e1dc4bd2213dd18431',
'0x5e3222c506585e1202da08c7231afdc5e472c777c245b822f44f141d335c744a',
'0x4051c3ba3dcca95da5db1be38e44f5b47fd1a855ba522123e3254fe3f8e271ea',
'0x6649c3a7cb3c7ede3a4fd10ae9dd63775eccdafe39ace5f5a9ae81d360089fba',
'0x04890a08bca0ed2f1496eb29c5dc7aa66014c85377c6d9d9c2c315f85204b39c')
```
<a id="api-create_pending_transaction_filter"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.create_pending_transaction_filter() -> integer`
Creates a new filter for pending transactions. Returns the `filter_id` which
can be used to retrieve the transaction hashes for the pending transactions.
```python
>>> filter_id = t.create_pending_transaction_filter()
>>> t.send_transaction({...})
'0x07f20bf9586e373ac914a40e99119c4932bee343d89ba852ccfc9af1fd541566'
>>> t.send_transaction({...})
'0xff85f7751d132b66c03e548e736f870797b0f24f3ed41dfe5fc628eb2cbc3505'
>>> t.get_only_filter_changes(filter_id)
('0x07f20bf9586e373ac914a40e99119c4932bee343d89ba852ccfc9af1fd541566',
'0xff85f7751d132b66c03e548e736f870797b0f24f3ed41dfe5fc628eb2cbc3505')
>>> t.send_transaction({...})
'0xb07801f7e8b1cfa52b64271fa2673c4b8d64cc21cdbc5fde51d5858c94c2d26a'
>>> t.get_only_filter_changes(filter_id)
('0xb07801f7e8b1cfa52b64271fa2673c4b8d64cc21cdbc5fde51d5858c94c2d26a',)
>>> t.get_all_filter_logs(filter_id)
('0x07f20bf9586e373ac914a40e99119c4932bee343d89ba852ccfc9af1fd541566',
'0xff85f7751d132b66c03e548e736f870797b0f24f3ed41dfe5fc628eb2cbc3505',
'0xb07801f7e8b1cfa52b64271fa2673c4b8d64cc21cdbc5fde51d5858c94c2d26a')
```
<a id="api-create_log_filter"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.create_log_filter(from_block=None, to_block=None, address=None, topics=None) -> integer`
Creates a new filter for logs produced by transactions. The parameters for
this function can be used to filter the log entries.
```python
>>> filter_id = t.create_log_filter()
>>> t.send_transaction({...}) # something that produces a log entry
'0x728bf75fc7d23845f328d2223df7fe9cafc6e7d23792457b625d5b60d2b22b7c'
>>> t.send_transaction({...}) # something that produces a log entry
'0x63f5b381ffd09940ce22c45a3f4e163bd743851cb6b4f43771fbf0b3c14b2f8a'
>>> t.get_only_filter_changes(filter_id)
({'address': '0xd6F084Ee15E38c4f7e091f8DD0FE6Fe4a0E203Ef',
'block_hash': '0x68c0f318388003b652eae334efbed8bd345c469bd0ca77469183fc9693c23e13',
'block_number': 11,
'data': '0x',
'log_index': 0,
'topics': ('0xf70fe689e290d8ce2b2a388ac28db36fbb0e16a6d89c6804c461f65a1b40bb15',
'0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003039'),
'transaction_hash': '0x728bf75fc7d23845f328d2223df7fe9cafc6e7d23792457b625d5b60d2b22b7c',
'transaction_index': 0,
'type': 'mined'},
{'address': '0xd6F084Ee15E38c4f7e091f8DD0FE6Fe4a0E203Ef',
'block_hash': '0x07d7e46be6f9ba53ecd4323fb99ec656e652c4b14f4b8e8a244ee7f997464725',
'block_number': 12,
'data': '0x',
'log_index': 0,
'topics': ('0xf70fe689e290d8ce2b2a388ac28db36fbb0e16a6d89c6804c461f65a1b40bb15',
'0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010932'),
'transaction_hash': '0x63f5b381ffd09940ce22c45a3f4e163bd743851cb6b4f43771fbf0b3c14b2f8a',
'transaction_index': 0,
'type': 'mined'})
```
See [the filtering guide](#guide-filtering) for detailed information on how to use filters.
<a id="api-delete_filter"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.delete_filter(filter_id)`
Removes the filter for the provided `filter_id`. If no filter is found for the
given `filter_id`, raises [`FilterNotFound`](#errors-FilterNotFound).
<a id="api-get_only_filter_changes"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.get_only_filter_changes(filter_id) -> transaction_hash or block_hash or log_entry`
Returns all new values for the provided `filter_id` that have not previously
been returned through this API. Raises
[`FilterNotFound`](#errors-FilterNotFound) if no filter is found for the given
`filter_id`.
<a id="api-get_only_filter_changes"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.get_all_filter_logs(filter_id) -> transaction_hash or block_hash or log_entry`
Returns all values for the provided `filter_id`. Raises
[`FilterNotFound`](#errors-FilterNotFound) if no filter is found for the given
`filter_id`.
### Snapshots and Resetting
<a id="api-take_snapshot"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.take_snapshot() -> snapshot_id`
Takes a snapshot of the current chain state and returns the snapshot id.
<a id="api-revert_to_snapshot"></a>
#### `EthereumTester.revert_to_snapshot(snapshot_id)`
Reverts the chain to the chain state associated with the given `snapshot_id`.
Raises [`SnapshotNotFound`](#errors-SnapshotNotFound) if no snapshot is known
for the given id.
### Errors and Exceptions
<a id="errors-TransactionNotFound"></a>
#### `ethter.exceptions.TransactionNotFound`
Raised in cases where a transaction cannot be found for the provided transaction hash.
<a id="errors-BlockNotFound"></a>
#### `ethter.exceptions.BlockNotFound`
Raised in cases where a block cannot be found for either a provided number or
hash.
<a id="errors-FilterNotFound"></a>
#### `ethter.exceptions.FilterNotFound`
Raised in cases where a filter cannot be found for the provided filter id.
<a id="errors-SnapshotNotFound"></a>
#### `ethter.exceptions.SnapshotNotFound`
Raised in cases where a snapshot cannot be found for the provided snapshot id.
## Backends
Ethereum tester is written using a pluggable backend system.
### Backend Dependencies
Ethereum tester does not install any of the dependencies needed to use the
various backends by default. You can however install ethereum tester with the
necessary dependencies using the following method.
```bash
$ pip install ethter[<backend-name>]
```
You should replace `<backend-name>` with the name of the desired testing
backend. Available backends are:
* `py-evm`: [PyEVM (alpha)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/py-evm) **(experimental)**
### Selecting a Backend
You can select which backend in a few different ways.
The most direct way is to manually pass in the backend instance you wish to
use.
```python
>>> from ethter import EthereumTester, MockBackend
>>> t = EthereumTester(backend=MockBackend())
```
Ethereum tester also supports configuration using the environment variable
`ETHEREUM_TESTER_CHAIN_BACKEND`. This should be set to the import path for the
backend class you wish to use.
### Available Backends
Ethereum tester can be used with the following backends.
* PyEVM (experimental)
* MockBackend
#### MockBackend
This backend has limited functionality. It cannot perform any VM computations.
It mocks out all of the objects and interactions.
```python
>>> from ethter import EthereumTester, MockBackend
>>> t = EthereumTester(MockBackend())
```
#### PyEVM (experimental)
> **WARNING** Py-EVM is experimental and should not be relied on for mission critical testing at this stage.
Uses the experimental Py-EVM library.
```python
>>> from ethter import EthereumTester, PyEVMBackend
>>> t = EthereumTester(PyEVMBackend())
```
#### PyEVM Genesis Parameters and State
If you need to specify custom genesis parameters and state, you can build your own parameters `dict` to use instead of the default
when initializing a backend. Only default values can be overridden or a `ValueError` will be raised.
```
# Default Genesis Parameters
default_genesis_params = {
"coinbase": GENESIS_COINBASE,
"difficulty": GENESIS_DIFFICULTY,
"extra_data": GENESIS_EXTRA_DATA,
"gas_limit": GENESIS_GAS_LIMIT,
"mix_hash": GENESIS_MIX_HASH,
"nonce": GENESIS_NONCE,
"receipt_root": BLANK_ROOT_HASH,
"timestamp": int(time.time()),
"transaction_root": BLANK_ROOT_HASH,
}
```
To generate a genesis parameters `dict` with an overridden parameters, pass a `genesis_overrides` `dict` \
to `PyEVM.generate_genesis_params`.
```python
>>> from ethter import PyEVMBackend, EthereumTester
>>> genesis_overrides = {'gas_limit': 4500000}
>>> custom_genesis_params = PyEVMBackend.generate_genesis_params(overrides=genesis_overrides)
# Generates the following `dict`:
# custom_genesis_params = {
# "coinbase": GENESIS_COINBASE,
# "difficulty": GENESIS_DIFFICULTY,
# "extra_data": GENESIS_EXTRA_DATA,
# "gas_limit": 4500000 # <<< Overridden Value <<<
# "mix_hash": GENESIS_MIX_HASH,
# "nonce": GENESIS_NONCE,
# "receipt_root": BLANK_ROOT_HASH,
# "timestamp": int(time.time()),
# "transaction_root": BLANK_ROOT_HASH,
# }
```
Then pass the generated `custom_genesis_params` `dict` to the backend's `__init__`
```python
>>> from ethter import PyEVMBackend, EthereumTester
>>> pyevm_backend = PyEVMBackend(genesis_parameters=custom_genesis_params)
>>> t = EthereumTester(backend=pyevm_backend)
```
Similarly to `genesis_parameters`, override the genesis state by passing in an `overrides` `dict`
to `PyEVMBackend.generate_genesis_state`. Optionally, provide `num_accounts` to set the number of accounts.
For more control on which accounts the backend generates, use the `from_mnemonic()` classmethod. Give it
a `mnemonic` (and optionally the number of accounts) and it will use that information to generate the accounts.
Optionally, provide a `genesis_state_overrides` `dict` to adjust the `genesis_state`.
```python
>>> from ethter import PyEVMBackend, EthereumTester
>>> from eth_utils import to_wei
>>> from hexbytes import HexBytes
>>>
>>> pyevm_backend = PyEVMBackend.from_mnemonic(
>>> 'test test test test test test test test test test test junk',
>>> genesis_state_overrides={'balance': to_wei(1000000, 'ether')}
>>> )
>>> t = EthereumTester(backend=pyevm_backend)
>>> print(t.get_accounts()[0]) # Outputs 0x1e59ce931B4CFea3fe4B875411e280e173cB7A9C
>>> print(t.get_balance('0x1e59ce931B4CFea3fe4B875411e280e173cB7A9C')) # Outputs 1000000000000000000000000
```
*NOTE: The same state is applied to all generated test accounts.*
```
# Default Account Genesis State
default_account_state = {
'balance': to_wei(1000000, 'ether'),
'storage': {},
'code': b'',
'nonce': 0,
}
```
For Example, to create 3 test accounts, each with a balance of 100 ETH each:
```python
>>> from ethter import EthereumTester, PyEVMBackend
>>> from eth_utils import to_wei
>>> state_overrides = {'balance': to_wei(100, 'ether')}
>>> custom_genesis_state = PyEVMBackend.generate_genesis_state(overrides=state_overrides, num_accounts=3)
# Then pass the generated `custom_genesis_state` `dict` to the backend's `__init__`
>>> pyevm_backend = PyEVMBackend(genesis_state=custom_genesis_state)
>>> t = EthereumTester(backend=pyevm_backend)
```
### Implementing Custom Backends
The base class `ethter.backends.base.BaseChainBackend` is the recommended
base class to begin with if you wish to write your own backend.
Details on implementation are beyond the scope of this document.
## Data Formats
Ethereum tester uses two formats for data.
* The *normal* format is the data format the is expected as input arguments to all `EthereumTester` methods as well as the return types from all method calls.
* The *canonical* format is the data format that is used internally by the backend class.
Ethereum tester enforces strict validation rules on these formats.
### Canonical Formats
The canonical format is intended for low level handling by backends.
* 32 byte hashes: `bytes` of length 32
* Arbitrary length strings: `bytes`
* Addresses: `bytes` of length 20
* Integers: `int`
* Array Types: `tuple`
### Normal Formats
The normal format is intended for use by end users.
* 32 byte hashes: `0x` prefixed hexadecimal encoded text strings (not byte strings)
* Arbitrary length strings: `0x` prefixed hexadecimal encoded text strings (not byte strings)
* Addresses: `0x` prefixed and EIP55 checksummed hexadecimal encoded text strings (not byte strings)
* Integers: `int`
* Array Types: `tuple`
## Normalization and Validation
> Beware! Here there be dragons... This section of the documentation is only
> relevant if you intend to build tooling on top of this library.
The ethereum tester provides strong guarantees that backends can be swapped out
seamlessly without effecting the data formats of both the input arguments and
return values. This is accomplished using a two-step process of strict
*normalization* and *validation*.
All inputs to the methods of the `EthereumTester` are first validated then
normalized to a *canonical* format. Return values are put through this process
as well, first validating the data returned by the backend, and then
normalizing it from the *canonical* format to the *normal* form before being
returned.
<a id="normalization"></a>
### Normalization
The `EthereumTester` delegates normalization to whatever `normalizer` was
passed in during instantiation. If no value was provided, the default
normalizer will be used from
`ethter.normalization.default.DefaultNormalizer`.
The specifics of this object are beyond the scope of this document.
<a id="validation"></a>
### Validation
The `EthereumTester` delegates validation to whatever `validator` was
passed in during instantiation. If no value was provided, the default
validator will be used from
`ethter.validation.default.DefaultValidator`.
The specifics of this object are beyond the scope of this document.
# Use with Web3.py
See the [web3.py documentation](http://web3py.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) for
information on the `EthereumTester` provider which integrates with this
library.
Raw data
{
"_id": null,
"home_page": "https://github.com/ethtertesting/ethter",
"name": "ethter",
"maintainer": "",
"docs_url": null,
"requires_python": ">=3.6.8,<4",
"maintainer_email": "",
"keywords": "ethereum",
"author": "Ethter testing",
"author_email": "ethtertesting@gmail.com",
"download_url": "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cd/3b/0de6429efc1bd0fee966606b4bacdb8fdbe17638c75481b7437d75127b6b/ethter-1.10.1b1.tar.gz",
"platform": null,
"description": "# Ether_Testing_Platform\r\n\r\nTools for testing ethereum based applications.\r\n\r\n\r\n## Installation\r\n\r\n```sh\r\npip install ethter\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n## Quick Start\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> from ethter import EthereumTester\r\n>>> t = EthereumTester()\r\n>>> t.get_accounts()\r\n('0x7E5F4552091A69125d5DfCb7b8C2659029395Bdf',\r\n '0x2B5AD5c4795c026514f8317c7a215E218DcCD6cF',\r\n '0x6813Eb9362372EEF6200f3b1dbC3f819671cBA69',\r\n '0x1efF47bc3a10a45D4B230B5d10E37751FE6AA718',\r\n '0xe1AB8145F7E55DC933d51a18c793F901A3A0b276',\r\n '0xE57bFE9F44b819898F47BF37E5AF72a0783e1141',\r\n '0xd41c057fd1c78805AAC12B0A94a405c0461A6FBb',\r\n '0xF1F6619B38A98d6De0800F1DefC0a6399eB6d30C',\r\n '0xF7Edc8FA1eCc32967F827C9043FcAe6ba73afA5c',\r\n '0x4CCeBa2d7D2B4fdcE4304d3e09a1fea9fbEb1528')\r\n\r\n>>> t.get_balance('0x7E5F4552091A69125d5DfCb7b8C2659029395Bdf')\r\n1000000000000000000000000\r\n\r\n>>> t.send_transaction({\r\n... 'from': '0x7E5F4552091A69125d5DfCb7b8C2659029395Bdf',\r\n... 'to': '0x2B5AD5c4795c026514f8317c7a215E218DcCD6cF',\r\n... 'gas': 30000,\r\n... 'value': 1,\r\n... 'max_fee_per_gas': 1000000000,\r\n... 'max_priority_fee_per_gas': 1000000000,\r\n... 'chain_id': 131277322940537,\r\n... 'access_list': (\r\n... {\r\n... 'address': '0xde0b295669a9fd93d5f28d9ec85e40f4cb697bae',\r\n... 'storage_keys': (\r\n... '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003',\r\n... '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007',\r\n... )\r\n... },\r\n... {\r\n... 'address': '0xbb9bc244d798123fde783fcc1c72d3bb8c189413',\r\n... 'storage_keys': ()\r\n... },\r\n... )\r\n... })\r\n'0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109'\r\n\r\n>>> t.get_transaction_by_hash('0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109')\r\n{'type': '0x2',\r\n 'hash': '0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109',\r\n 'nonce': 0,\r\n 'block_hash': '0x28b95514984b0abbd91d88f1a542eaeeb810c24e0234e09891b7d6b3f94f47ed',\r\n 'block_number': 1,\r\n 'transaction_index': 0,\r\n 'from': '0x7E5F4552091A69125d5DfCb7b8C2659029395Bdf',\r\n 'to': '0x2B5AD5c4795c026514f8317c7a215E218DcCD6cF',\r\n 'value': 1,\r\n 'gas': 30000,\r\n 'data': '0x',\r\n 'r': 60071646517429056848243893841817235885102606421189844318110381014348740252962,\r\n 's': 55731679314783756278323646144996847004593793888590884914350251538533006990589,\r\n 'v': 0,\r\n 'chain_id': 131277322940537,\r\n 'max_fee_per_gas': 1000000000,\r\n 'max_priority_fee_per_gas': 1000000000,\r\n 'access_list': ({'address': '0xde0B295669a9FD93d5F28D9Ec85E40f4cb697BAe',\r\n 'storage_keys': ('0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003',\r\n '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000007')},\r\n {'address': '0xBB9bc244D798123fDe783fCc1C72d3Bb8C189413',\r\n 'storage_keys': ()}),\r\n 'gas_price': 1000000000}\r\n\r\n\r\n>>> t.get_transaction_receipt('0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109')\r\n{'transaction_hash': '0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109',\r\n 'transaction_index': 0,\r\n 'block_number': 1,\r\n 'block_hash': '0x28b95514984b0abbd91d88f1a542eaeeb810c24e0234e09891b7d6b3f94f47ed',\r\n 'cumulative_gas_used': 29600,\r\n 'gas_used': 29600,\r\n 'effective_gas_price': 1000000000,\r\n 'contract_address': None,\r\n 'logs': (),\r\n 'type': '0x2',\r\n 'status': 1}\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n## Development\r\n\r\n```sh\r\npip install -e \".[dev]\"\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n### Running the tests\r\n\r\nYou can run the tests with:\r\n\r\n```sh\r\npy.test tests\r\n```\r\n\r\nOr you can install `tox` to run the full test suite.\r\n\r\n\r\n### Releasing\r\n\r\nPandoc is required for transforming the markdown README to the proper format to\r\nrender correctly on pypi.\r\n\r\nFor Debian-like systems:\r\n\r\n```\r\napt install pandoc\r\n```\r\n\r\nOr on OSX:\r\n\r\n```sh\r\nbrew install pandoc\r\n```\r\n\r\nTo release a new version:\r\n\r\nFirst, compile and commit the release notes:\r\n```sh\r\nmake notes bump={one of: major, minor, patch, devnum}\r\n```\r\n\r\nThen, do the actual release:\r\n\r\n```sh\r\nmake release bump={one of: major, minor, patch, devnum}\r\n```\r\n\r\n#### How to bumpversion\r\n\r\nThe version format for this repo is `{major}.{minor}.{patch}` for stable, and\r\n`{major}.{minor}.{patch}-{stage}.{devnum}` for unstable (`stage` can be alpha or beta).\r\n\r\nTo issue the next version in line, use bumpversion and specify which part to bump,\r\nlike `bumpversion minor` or `bumpversion devnum`.\r\n\r\nIf you are in a beta version, `bumpversion stage` will switch to a stable.\r\n\r\nTo issue an unstable version when the current version is stable, specify the\r\nnew version explicitly, like `bumpversion --new-version 4.0.0-alpha.1 devnum`\r\n\r\n\r\n# Documentation\r\n\r\n## Input and output data formats\r\n\r\nThe ethereum tester library strictly enforces the following input formats and\r\ntypes.\r\n\r\n* Hexadecimal values **must** be text (not byte) strings. The `0x` prefix is optional.\r\n* Any address which contains mixed-case alpha characters will be validated as a checksummed address as specified by [EIP-55](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-55.md)\r\n* 32-byte hashes **must** be hexadecimal encoded.\r\n* Numeric values **must** be in their integer representation.\r\n\r\nSimilarly, ethereum tester ensures that return values conform to similar rules.\r\n\r\n* 32-byte hashes will be returned in their hexadecimal encoded representation.\r\n* Addresses will be returned in their hexadecimal representation and EIP55 checksummed.\r\n* Numeric values will be returned as integers.\r\n\r\n\r\n## Block Numbers\r\n<a id=\"block-numbers\"></a>\r\n\r\nAny `block_number` parameter will accept the following string values.\r\n\r\n* `'latest'`: for the latest mined block.\r\n* `'pending'`: for the current un-mined block.\r\n* `'earliest'`: for the genesis block.\r\n* `'safe'`: for the last block that has passed 2/3 of attestations post-merge.\r\n* `'finalized'`: for the last finalized block post-merge.\r\n\r\n> Note: These **must** be text strings (not byte stringS)\r\n\r\n\r\n## `ethter.EthereumTester`\r\n\r\n### API\r\n\r\n### Instantiation\r\n\r\n* `ethter.EthereumTester(backend=None, validator=None, normalizer=None, auto_mine_transactions=True, fork_blocks=None)`\r\n\r\nThe `EthereumTester` object is the sole API entrypoint. Instantiation of this\r\nobject accepts the following parameters.\r\n\r\n- `backend`: The chain backend being used. See the [chain backends](#backends)\r\n- `validator`: The validator being used. See the [validators](#validation)\r\n- `normalizer`: The normalizer being used. See the [normalizers](#normalization)\r\n- `auto_mine_transactions`: If *truthy* transactions will be automatically mined at the time they are submitted. See [`enable_auto_mine_transactions`](#api-enable_auto_mine_transactions) and [`disable_auto_mine_transactions`](#api-disable_auto_mine_transactions).\r\n- `fork_blocks`: configures which block numbers the various network hard fork rules will be activated. See [fork-rules](#fork-rules)\r\n\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> from ethter import EthereumTester\r\n>>> t = EthereumTester()\r\n>>> t\r\n<ethter.main.EthereumTester at 0x102255710>\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n### Fork Rules\r\n<a id=\"fork-rules\"></a>\r\n\r\nEthereum tester uses the Paris (PoS) fork rules, starting at block 0.\r\n\r\n### Time Travel\r\n<a id=\"time-travel\"></a>\r\n\r\nThe chain can only time travel forward in time.\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-time_travel\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.time_travel(timestamp)`\r\n\r\nThe `timestamp` must be an integer, strictly greater than the current timestamp\r\nof the latest block.\r\n\r\n> Note: Time traveling will result in a new block being mined.\r\n\r\n\r\n### Mining\r\n\r\nManually mining blocks can be done with the following API. The `coinbase`\r\nparameter of these methods **must** be a hexadecimal encoded address.\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-mine_blocks\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.mine_blocks(num_blocks=1, coinbase=ZERO_ADDRESS)`\r\n\r\nMines `num_blocks` new blocks, returning an iterable of the newly mined block hashes.\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-mine_block\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.mine_block(coinbase=ZERO_ADDRESS)`\r\n\r\nMines a single new block, returning the mined block's hash.\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-auto_mine_transactions\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### Auto-mining transactions\r\n\r\nBy default, all transactions are mined immediately. This means that each transaction you send will result in a new block being mined, and that all blocks will only ever have at most a single transaction. This behavior can be controlled with the following methods.\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-enable_auto_mine_transactions\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.enable_auto_mine_transactions()`\r\n\r\nTurns on auto-mining of transactions.\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-disable_auto_mine_transactions\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.disable_auto_mine_transactions()`\r\n\r\nTurns **off** auto-mining of transactions.\r\n\r\n\r\n### Accounts\r\n\r\nThe following API can be used to interact with account data. The `account`\r\nparameter in these methods **must** be a hexadecimal encode address.\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-get_accounts\"></a>\r\n `EthereumTester.get_accounts()`\r\n\r\nReturns an iterable of the accounts that the tester knows about. All accounts\r\nin this list will be EIP55 checksummed.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> t.get_accounts()\r\n('0x82A978B3f5962A5b0957d9ee9eEf472EE55B42F1',\r\n '0x7d577a597B2742b498Cb5Cf0C26cDCD726d39E6e',\r\n ...\r\n '0x90F0B1EBbbA1C1936aFF7AAf20a7878FF9e04B6c')\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-add_account\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.add_account(private_key, password=None)`\r\n\r\nAdds a new account for the given private key. Returns the hex encoded address\r\nof the added account.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> t.add_account('0x58d23b55bc9cdce1f18c2500f40ff4ab7245df9a89505e9b1fa4851f623d241d')\r\n'0xdc544d1aa88ff8bbd2f2aec754b1f1e99e1812fd'\r\n```\r\n\r\nBy default, added accounts are unlocked and do not have a password. If you\r\nwould like to add an account which has a password, you can supply the password\r\nas the second parameter.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> t.add_account('0x58d23b55bc9cdce1f18c2500f40ff4ab7245df9a89505e9b1fa4851f623d241d', 'my-secret')\r\n'0xdc544d1aa88ff8bbd2f2aec754b1f1e99e1812fd'\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-unlock_account\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.unlock_account(account, password, unlock_seconds=None)`\r\n\r\nUnlocks the given account if the provided password matches.\r\n\r\nRaises a `ValidationError` if:\r\n\r\n* The account is not known.\r\n* The password does not match.\r\n* The account was created without a password.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> t.unlock_account('0xdc544d1aa88ff8bbd2f2aec754b1f1e99e1812fd', 'my-secret')\r\n```\r\n\r\nBy default, accounts will be unlocked indefinitely. You can however unlock an\r\naccount for a specified amount of time by providing the desired duration in\r\nseconds.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n# unlock for 1 hour.\r\n>>> t.unlock_account('0xdc544d1aa88ff8bbd2f2aec754b1f1e99e1812fd', 'my-secret', 60 * 60)\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-lock_account\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.lock_account(account)`\r\n\r\nLocks the provided account.\r\n\r\nRaises a `ValidationError` if:\r\n\r\n* The account is not known\r\n* The account does not have a password.\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-get_balance\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.get_balance(account) -> integer`\r\n\r\nReturns the balance, in wei, for the provided account.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> t.get_balance('0x82A978B3f5962A5b0957d9ee9eEf472EE55B42F1')\r\n1000004999999999999999999\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-get_nonce\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.get_nonce(account) -> integer`\r\n\r\nReturns the nonce for the provided account.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> t.get_nonce('0x82A978B3f5962A5b0957d9ee9eEf472EE55B42F1')\r\n1\r\n```\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-get_code\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.get_code(account) -> hex string`\r\n\r\nReturns the code for the given account.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> t.get_code('0x82A978B3f5962A5b0957d9ee9eEf472EE55B42F1')\r\n\"0x\"\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n### Blocks, Transactions, and Receipts\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-get_transaction_by_hash\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.get_transaction_by_hash(transaction_hash) -> transaction-object`\r\n\r\nReturns the transaction for the given hash, raising a\r\n[`TransactionNotFound`](#errors-TransactionNotFound) exception if the\r\ntransaction cannot be found.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> t.get_transaction_by_hash('0x21ae665f707e12a5f1bb13ef8c706b65cc5accfd03e7067ce683d831f51122e6')\r\n{'type': '0x2',\r\n 'hash': '0x21ae665f707e12a5f1bb13ef8c706b65cc5accfd03e7067ce683d831f51122e6',\r\n 'nonce': 0,\r\n 'block_hash': '0x810731efeb7498fc0ac3bc7c72a71571b672c9fdbfbfd8b435f483e368e8ef7e',\r\n 'block_number': 1,\r\n 'transaction_index': 0,\r\n 'from': '0x2B5AD5c4795c026514f8317c7a215E218DcCD6cF',\r\n 'to': '0x7E5F4552091A69125d5DfCb7b8C2659029395Bdf',\r\n 'value': 1337,\r\n 'gas': 21000,\r\n 'data': '0x',\r\n 'r': 1713666669454033023988006960017431058214051587080823768269189498559514600280,\r\n 's': 32003859822305799628524852194521134173285969678963273753063458725692016415033,\r\n 'v': 0,\r\n 'chain_id': 131277322940537,\r\n 'max_fee_per_gas': 2000000000,\r\n 'max_priority_fee_per_gas': 500000000,\r\n 'access_list': (),\r\n 'gas_price': 1375000000}\r\n```\r\n\r\n> Note: For unmined transaction, `transaction_index`, `block_number` and `block_hash` will all be `None`.\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-get_block_by_number\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.get_block_by_number(block_number, full_transactions=False) -> block-object`\r\n\r\nReturns the block for the given `block_number`. See [block\r\nnumbers](#block-numbers) for named block numbers you can use. If\r\n`full_transactions` is truthy, then the transactions array will be populated\r\nwith full transaction objects as opposed to their hashes.\r\n\r\nRaises [`BlockNotFound`](#errors-BlockNotFound) if a block for the given number\r\ncannot be found.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> t.get_block_by_number(1)\r\n{'number': 1,\r\n 'hash': '0xd481955268d1f3db58ee61685a899a35e33e8fd35b9cc0812f85b9f06757140e',\r\n 'parent_hash': '0x5be984ab842071903ee443a5dee92603bef42de35b4e10928e753f7e88a7163a',\r\n 'nonce': '0x0000000000000000',\r\n 'sha3_uncles': '0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347',\r\n 'logs_bloom': 0,\r\n 'transactions_root': '0xef1e11d99f7db22fd93c6a10d44753d4a93e9f6ecb2f1e5030a0a91f1d3b07ac',\r\n 'receipts_root': '0x611e48488cf80b4c31f01ad45b6ebea533a68255a6d0240d434d9366a3582010',\r\n 'state_root': '0x9ce568dcaa6f130d733b333304f2c26a19334ed328a7eb9bb31707306381ba65',\r\n 'coinbase': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000',\r\n 'difficulty': 0,\r\n 'total_difficulty': 0,\r\n 'mix_hash': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',\r\n 'size': 751,\r\n 'extra_data': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',\r\n 'gas_limit': 3141592,\r\n 'gas_used': 29600,\r\n 'timestamp': 1633669276,\r\n 'transactions': ('0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109',),\r\n 'uncles': (),\r\n 'base_fee_per_gas': 875000000}\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-get_block_by_hash\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.get_block_by_hash(block_hash, full_transactions=True) -> block-object`\r\n\r\nReturns the block for the given `block_hash`. The `full_transactions`\r\nparameter behaves the same as in\r\n[`get_block_by_number`](#api-get_block_by_number).\r\n\r\nRaises [`BlockNotFound`](#errors-BlockNotFound) if a block for the given hash\r\ncannot be found.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> t.get_block_by_hash('0x0f50c8ea0f67ce0b7bff51ae866159edc443bde87de2ab26010a15b777244ddd')\r\n{'number': 1,\r\n 'hash': '0xd481955268d1f3db58ee61685a899a35e33e8fd35b9cc0812f85b9f06757140e',\r\n 'parent_hash': '0x5be984ab842071903ee443a5dee92603bef42de35b4e10928e753f7e88a7163a',\r\n 'nonce': '0x0000000000000000',\r\n 'sha3_uncles': '0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347',\r\n 'logs_bloom': 0,\r\n 'transactions_root': '0xef1e11d99f7db22fd93c6a10d44753d4a93e9f6ecb2f1e5030a0a91f1d3b07ac',\r\n 'receipts_root': '0x611e48488cf80b4c31f01ad45b6ebea533a68255a6d0240d434d9366a3582010',\r\n 'state_root': '0x9ce568dcaa6f130d733b333304f2c26a19334ed328a7eb9bb31707306381ba65',\r\n 'coinbase': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000',\r\n 'difficulty': 0,\r\n 'total_difficulty': 0,\r\n 'mix_hash': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',\r\n 'size': 751,\r\n 'extra_data': '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000',\r\n 'gas_limit': 3141592,\r\n 'gas_used': 29600,\r\n 'timestamp': 1633669276,\r\n 'transactions': ('0xc20b90af87bc65c3d748cf0a1fa54f3a86ffc94348e0fd91a70f1c5ba6ef4109',),\r\n 'uncles': (),\r\n 'base_fee_per_gas': 875000000}\r\n```\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-get_transaction_receipt\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.get_transaction_receipt(transaction_hash)`\r\n\r\nReturns the receipt for the given `transaction_hash`, raising\r\n[`TransactionNotFound`](#errors-TransactionNotFound) if no transaction can be\r\nfound for the given hash.\r\n\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> t.get_transaction_receipt('0x9a7cc8b7accf54ecb1901bf4d0178f28ca457bb9f9c245692c0ca8fabef08d3b')\r\n {'block_hash': '0x878f779d8bb25b25fb78fc16b8d64d70a5961310ef1689571aec632e9424290c',\r\n 'block_number': 2,\r\n 'contract_address': None,\r\n 'cumulative_gas_used': 23154,\r\n 'gas_used': 23154,\r\n 'logs': ({'address': '0xd6F084Ee15E38c4f7e091f8DD0FE6Fe4a0E203Ef',\r\n 'block_hash': '0x878f779d8bb25b25fb78fc16b8d64d70a5961310ef1689571aec632e9424290c',\r\n 'block_number': 2,\r\n 'data': '0x',\r\n 'log_index': 0,\r\n 'topics': (\r\n '0xf70fe689e290d8ce2b2a388ac28db36fbb0e16a6d89c6804c461f65a1b40bb15',\r\n '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003039'),\r\n 'transaction_hash': '0x9a7cc8b7accf54ecb1901bf4d0178f28ca457bb9f9c245692c0ca8fabef08d3b',\r\n 'transaction_index': 0,\r\n 'type': 'mined'},),\r\n 'transaction_hash': '0x9a7cc8b7accf54ecb1901bf4d0178f28ca457bb9f9c245692c0ca8fabef08d3b',\r\n 'transaction_index': 0}\r\n```\r\n\r\n- Receipts for unmined transactions will have all of `block_hash`, `block_number` and `transaction_index` set to `None`.\r\n- Receipts for transactions which create a contract will have the created contract address in the `contract_address` field.\r\n\r\n\r\n### Transaction Sending\r\n\r\nA transaction is a formatted as a dictionary with the following keys and\r\nvalues.\r\n\r\n* `from`: The address of the account sending the transaction (hexadecimal string).\r\n* `to`: The address of the account the transaction is being sent to. Empty string should be used to trigger contract creation (hexadecimal string).\r\n* `gas`: Sets the gas limit for transaction execution (integer).\r\n* `value`: The amount of ether in wei that should be sent with the transaction (integer).\r\n* `data`: The data for the transaction (hexadecimal string).\r\n* `chain_id`: The integer id for the chain the transaction is meant to interact with.\r\n\r\n\r\nIn addition to the above, the following parameters are added based on the type of transaction being sent:\r\n\r\n#### Legacy transactions\r\n* `gas_price`: Sets the price per unit of gas in wei that will be paid for transaction execution (integer).\r\n\r\n#### Access list transactions (EIP-2930)\r\n* `gas_price`: Sets the price per unit of gas in wei that will be paid for transaction execution (integer).\r\n* `access_list` (optional): Specifies accounts and storage slots expected to be accessed, based on the transaction, in order to\r\ngain a discount on the gas for those executions (see quickstart example for usage).\r\n\r\n#### Dynamic fee transactions (EIP-1559)\r\n* `max_fee_per_gas`: Sets the maximum fee per unit of gas in wei that will be paid for transaction execution (integer).\r\n* `max_priority_fee_per_gas`: Sets the fee per unit of gas in wei that is sent to the coinbase address as an incentive for including the transaction (integer).\r\n* `access_list` (optional): Specifies accounts and storage slots expected to be accessed, based on the transaction, in order to\r\ngain a discount on the gas for those executions (see quickstart example for usage).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n### Methods\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-send_transaction\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.send_transaction(transaction) -> transaction_hash`\r\n\r\nSends the provided `transaction` object, returning the `transaction_hash` for\r\nthe sent transaction.\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-call\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.call(transaction, block_number='latest')`\r\n\r\nExecutes the provided `transaction` object at the evm state from the block\r\ndenoted by the `block_number` parameter, returning the resulting bytes return\r\nvalue from the evm.\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-estimate_gas\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.estimate_gas(transaction)`\r\n\r\nExecutes the provided `transaction` object, measuring and returning the gas\r\nconsumption.\r\n\r\n\r\n### Logs and Filters\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-create_block_filter\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.create_block_filter() -> integer`\r\n\r\nCreates a new filter for newly mined blocks. Returns the `filter_id` which can\r\nbe used to retrieve the block hashes for the mined blocks.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> filter_id = t.create_block_filter()\r\n>>> filter_id = t.create_block_filter()\r\n>>> t.mine_blocks(3)\r\n>>> t.get_only_filter_changes(filter_id)\r\n('0x07004287f82c1a7ab15d7b8baa03ac14d7e9167ab74e47e1dc4bd2213dd18431',\r\n '0x5e3222c506585e1202da08c7231afdc5e472c777c245b822f44f141d335c744a',\r\n '0x4051c3ba3dcca95da5db1be38e44f5b47fd1a855ba522123e3254fe3f8e271ea')\r\n>>> t.mine_blocks(2)\r\n>>> t.get_only_filter_changes(filter_id)\r\n('0x6649c3a7cb3c7ede3a4fd10ae9dd63775eccdafe39ace5f5a9ae81d360089fba',\r\n '0x04890a08bca0ed2f1496eb29c5dc7aa66014c85377c6d9d9c2c315f85204b39c')\r\n>>> t.get_all_filter_logs(filter_id)\r\n('0x07004287f82c1a7ab15d7b8baa03ac14d7e9167ab74e47e1dc4bd2213dd18431',\r\n '0x5e3222c506585e1202da08c7231afdc5e472c777c245b822f44f141d335c744a',\r\n '0x4051c3ba3dcca95da5db1be38e44f5b47fd1a855ba522123e3254fe3f8e271ea',\r\n '0x6649c3a7cb3c7ede3a4fd10ae9dd63775eccdafe39ace5f5a9ae81d360089fba',\r\n '0x04890a08bca0ed2f1496eb29c5dc7aa66014c85377c6d9d9c2c315f85204b39c')\r\n```\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-create_pending_transaction_filter\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.create_pending_transaction_filter() -> integer`\r\n\r\nCreates a new filter for pending transactions. Returns the `filter_id` which\r\ncan be used to retrieve the transaction hashes for the pending transactions.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> filter_id = t.create_pending_transaction_filter()\r\n>>> t.send_transaction({...})\r\n'0x07f20bf9586e373ac914a40e99119c4932bee343d89ba852ccfc9af1fd541566'\r\n>>> t.send_transaction({...})\r\n'0xff85f7751d132b66c03e548e736f870797b0f24f3ed41dfe5fc628eb2cbc3505'\r\n>>> t.get_only_filter_changes(filter_id)\r\n('0x07f20bf9586e373ac914a40e99119c4932bee343d89ba852ccfc9af1fd541566',\r\n '0xff85f7751d132b66c03e548e736f870797b0f24f3ed41dfe5fc628eb2cbc3505')\r\n>>> t.send_transaction({...})\r\n'0xb07801f7e8b1cfa52b64271fa2673c4b8d64cc21cdbc5fde51d5858c94c2d26a'\r\n>>> t.get_only_filter_changes(filter_id)\r\n('0xb07801f7e8b1cfa52b64271fa2673c4b8d64cc21cdbc5fde51d5858c94c2d26a',)\r\n>>> t.get_all_filter_logs(filter_id)\r\n('0x07f20bf9586e373ac914a40e99119c4932bee343d89ba852ccfc9af1fd541566',\r\n '0xff85f7751d132b66c03e548e736f870797b0f24f3ed41dfe5fc628eb2cbc3505',\r\n '0xb07801f7e8b1cfa52b64271fa2673c4b8d64cc21cdbc5fde51d5858c94c2d26a')\r\n```\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-create_log_filter\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.create_log_filter(from_block=None, to_block=None, address=None, topics=None) -> integer`\r\n\r\nCreates a new filter for logs produced by transactions. The parameters for\r\nthis function can be used to filter the log entries.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> filter_id = t.create_log_filter()\r\n>>> t.send_transaction({...}) # something that produces a log entry\r\n'0x728bf75fc7d23845f328d2223df7fe9cafc6e7d23792457b625d5b60d2b22b7c'\r\n>>> t.send_transaction({...}) # something that produces a log entry\r\n'0x63f5b381ffd09940ce22c45a3f4e163bd743851cb6b4f43771fbf0b3c14b2f8a'\r\n>>> t.get_only_filter_changes(filter_id)\r\n({'address': '0xd6F084Ee15E38c4f7e091f8DD0FE6Fe4a0E203Ef',\r\n 'block_hash': '0x68c0f318388003b652eae334efbed8bd345c469bd0ca77469183fc9693c23e13',\r\n 'block_number': 11,\r\n 'data': '0x',\r\n 'log_index': 0,\r\n 'topics': ('0xf70fe689e290d8ce2b2a388ac28db36fbb0e16a6d89c6804c461f65a1b40bb15',\r\n '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003039'),\r\n 'transaction_hash': '0x728bf75fc7d23845f328d2223df7fe9cafc6e7d23792457b625d5b60d2b22b7c',\r\n 'transaction_index': 0,\r\n 'type': 'mined'},\r\n {'address': '0xd6F084Ee15E38c4f7e091f8DD0FE6Fe4a0E203Ef',\r\n 'block_hash': '0x07d7e46be6f9ba53ecd4323fb99ec656e652c4b14f4b8e8a244ee7f997464725',\r\n 'block_number': 12,\r\n 'data': '0x',\r\n 'log_index': 0,\r\n 'topics': ('0xf70fe689e290d8ce2b2a388ac28db36fbb0e16a6d89c6804c461f65a1b40bb15',\r\n '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010932'),\r\n 'transaction_hash': '0x63f5b381ffd09940ce22c45a3f4e163bd743851cb6b4f43771fbf0b3c14b2f8a',\r\n 'transaction_index': 0,\r\n 'type': 'mined'})\r\n```\r\n\r\nSee [the filtering guide](#guide-filtering) for detailed information on how to use filters.\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-delete_filter\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.delete_filter(filter_id)`\r\n\r\nRemoves the filter for the provided `filter_id`. If no filter is found for the\r\ngiven `filter_id`, raises [`FilterNotFound`](#errors-FilterNotFound).\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-get_only_filter_changes\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.get_only_filter_changes(filter_id) -> transaction_hash or block_hash or log_entry`\r\n\r\nReturns all new values for the provided `filter_id` that have not previously\r\nbeen returned through this API. Raises\r\n[`FilterNotFound`](#errors-FilterNotFound) if no filter is found for the given\r\n`filter_id`.\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-get_only_filter_changes\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.get_all_filter_logs(filter_id) -> transaction_hash or block_hash or log_entry`\r\n\r\nReturns all values for the provided `filter_id`. Raises\r\n[`FilterNotFound`](#errors-FilterNotFound) if no filter is found for the given\r\n`filter_id`.\r\n\r\n\r\n### Snapshots and Resetting\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-take_snapshot\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.take_snapshot() -> snapshot_id`\r\n\r\nTakes a snapshot of the current chain state and returns the snapshot id.\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"api-revert_to_snapshot\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `EthereumTester.revert_to_snapshot(snapshot_id)`\r\n\r\nReverts the chain to the chain state associated with the given `snapshot_id`.\r\nRaises [`SnapshotNotFound`](#errors-SnapshotNotFound) if no snapshot is known\r\nfor the given id.\r\n\r\n### Errors and Exceptions\r\n\r\n<a id=\"errors-TransactionNotFound\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `ethter.exceptions.TransactionNotFound`\r\n\r\nRaised in cases where a transaction cannot be found for the provided transaction hash.\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"errors-BlockNotFound\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `ethter.exceptions.BlockNotFound`\r\n\r\nRaised in cases where a block cannot be found for either a provided number or\r\nhash.\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"errors-FilterNotFound\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `ethter.exceptions.FilterNotFound`\r\n\r\nRaised in cases where a filter cannot be found for the provided filter id.\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"errors-SnapshotNotFound\"></a>\r\n\r\n#### `ethter.exceptions.SnapshotNotFound`\r\n\r\nRaised in cases where a snapshot cannot be found for the provided snapshot id.\r\n\r\n\r\n## Backends\r\n\r\nEthereum tester is written using a pluggable backend system.\r\n\r\n### Backend Dependencies\r\n\r\nEthereum tester does not install any of the dependencies needed to use the\r\nvarious backends by default. You can however install ethereum tester with the\r\nnecessary dependencies using the following method.\r\n\r\n```bash\r\n$ pip install ethter[<backend-name>]\r\n```\r\n\r\nYou should replace `<backend-name>` with the name of the desired testing\r\nbackend. Available backends are:\r\n\r\n* `py-evm`: [PyEVM (alpha)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/py-evm) **(experimental)**\r\n\r\n### Selecting a Backend\r\n\r\nYou can select which backend in a few different ways.\r\n\r\nThe most direct way is to manually pass in the backend instance you wish to\r\nuse.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> from ethter import EthereumTester, MockBackend\r\n>>> t = EthereumTester(backend=MockBackend())\r\n```\r\n\r\nEthereum tester also supports configuration using the environment variable\r\n`ETHEREUM_TESTER_CHAIN_BACKEND`. This should be set to the import path for the\r\nbackend class you wish to use.\r\n\r\n### Available Backends\r\n\r\nEthereum tester can be used with the following backends.\r\n\r\n* PyEVM (experimental)\r\n* MockBackend\r\n\r\n#### MockBackend\r\n\r\nThis backend has limited functionality. It cannot perform any VM computations.\r\nIt mocks out all of the objects and interactions.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> from ethter import EthereumTester, MockBackend\r\n>>> t = EthereumTester(MockBackend())\r\n```\r\n\r\n#### PyEVM (experimental)\r\n\r\n> **WARNING** Py-EVM is experimental and should not be relied on for mission critical testing at this stage.\r\n\r\nUses the experimental Py-EVM library.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> from ethter import EthereumTester, PyEVMBackend\r\n>>> t = EthereumTester(PyEVMBackend())\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n#### PyEVM Genesis Parameters and State\r\n\r\nIf you need to specify custom genesis parameters and state, you can build your own parameters `dict` to use instead of the default\r\nwhen initializing a backend. Only default values can be overridden or a `ValueError` will be raised.\r\n\r\n```\r\n# Default Genesis Parameters\r\n\r\ndefault_genesis_params = {\r\n \"coinbase\": GENESIS_COINBASE,\r\n \"difficulty\": GENESIS_DIFFICULTY,\r\n \"extra_data\": GENESIS_EXTRA_DATA,\r\n \"gas_limit\": GENESIS_GAS_LIMIT,\r\n \"mix_hash\": GENESIS_MIX_HASH,\r\n \"nonce\": GENESIS_NONCE,\r\n \"receipt_root\": BLANK_ROOT_HASH,\r\n \"timestamp\": int(time.time()),\r\n \"transaction_root\": BLANK_ROOT_HASH,\r\n}\r\n```\r\n\r\nTo generate a genesis parameters `dict` with an overridden parameters, pass a `genesis_overrides` `dict` \\\r\nto `PyEVM.generate_genesis_params`.\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> from ethter import PyEVMBackend, EthereumTester\r\n\r\n>>> genesis_overrides = {'gas_limit': 4500000}\r\n>>> custom_genesis_params = PyEVMBackend.generate_genesis_params(overrides=genesis_overrides)\r\n\r\n# Generates the following `dict`:\r\n\r\n# custom_genesis_params = {\r\n# \"coinbase\": GENESIS_COINBASE,\r\n# \"difficulty\": GENESIS_DIFFICULTY,\r\n# \"extra_data\": GENESIS_EXTRA_DATA,\r\n# \"gas_limit\": 4500000 # <<< Overridden Value <<<\r\n# \"mix_hash\": GENESIS_MIX_HASH,\r\n# \"nonce\": GENESIS_NONCE,\r\n# \"receipt_root\": BLANK_ROOT_HASH,\r\n# \"timestamp\": int(time.time()),\r\n# \"transaction_root\": BLANK_ROOT_HASH,\r\n# }\r\n```\r\n\r\nThen pass the generated `custom_genesis_params` `dict` to the backend's `__init__`\r\n```python\r\n>>> from ethter import PyEVMBackend, EthereumTester\r\n>>> pyevm_backend = PyEVMBackend(genesis_parameters=custom_genesis_params)\r\n>>> t = EthereumTester(backend=pyevm_backend)\r\n```\r\n\r\nSimilarly to `genesis_parameters`, override the genesis state by passing in an `overrides` `dict`\r\nto `PyEVMBackend.generate_genesis_state`. Optionally, provide `num_accounts` to set the number of accounts.\r\n\r\nFor more control on which accounts the backend generates, use the `from_mnemonic()` classmethod. Give it\r\na `mnemonic` (and optionally the number of accounts) and it will use that information to generate the accounts.\r\nOptionally, provide a `genesis_state_overrides` `dict` to adjust the `genesis_state`.\r\n```python\r\n>>> from ethter import PyEVMBackend, EthereumTester\r\n>>> from eth_utils import to_wei\r\n>>> from hexbytes import HexBytes\r\n>>>\r\n>>> pyevm_backend = PyEVMBackend.from_mnemonic(\r\n>>> 'test test test test test test test test test test test junk',\r\n>>> genesis_state_overrides={'balance': to_wei(1000000, 'ether')}\r\n>>> )\r\n>>> t = EthereumTester(backend=pyevm_backend)\r\n>>> print(t.get_accounts()[0]) # Outputs 0x1e59ce931B4CFea3fe4B875411e280e173cB7A9C\r\n>>> print(t.get_balance('0x1e59ce931B4CFea3fe4B875411e280e173cB7A9C')) # Outputs 1000000000000000000000000\r\n```\r\n\r\n*NOTE: The same state is applied to all generated test accounts.*\r\n\r\n```\r\n# Default Account Genesis State\r\n\r\ndefault_account_state = {\r\n 'balance': to_wei(1000000, 'ether'),\r\n 'storage': {},\r\n 'code': b'',\r\n 'nonce': 0,\r\n}\r\n```\r\n\r\nFor Example, to create 3 test accounts, each with a balance of 100 ETH each:\r\n\r\n```python\r\n>>> from ethter import EthereumTester, PyEVMBackend\r\n>>> from eth_utils import to_wei\r\n\r\n>>> state_overrides = {'balance': to_wei(100, 'ether')}\r\n>>> custom_genesis_state = PyEVMBackend.generate_genesis_state(overrides=state_overrides, num_accounts=3)\r\n\r\n# Then pass the generated `custom_genesis_state` `dict` to the backend's `__init__`\r\n\r\n>>> pyevm_backend = PyEVMBackend(genesis_state=custom_genesis_state)\r\n>>> t = EthereumTester(backend=pyevm_backend)\r\n```\r\n\r\n\r\n### Implementing Custom Backends\r\n\r\nThe base class `ethter.backends.base.BaseChainBackend` is the recommended\r\nbase class to begin with if you wish to write your own backend.\r\n\r\nDetails on implementation are beyond the scope of this document.\r\n\r\n\r\n## Data Formats\r\n\r\nEthereum tester uses two formats for data.\r\n\r\n* The *normal* format is the data format the is expected as input arguments to all `EthereumTester` methods as well as the return types from all method calls.\r\n* The *canonical* format is the data format that is used internally by the backend class.\r\n\r\nEthereum tester enforces strict validation rules on these formats.\r\n\r\n### Canonical Formats\r\n\r\nThe canonical format is intended for low level handling by backends.\r\n\r\n* 32 byte hashes: `bytes` of length 32\r\n* Arbitrary length strings: `bytes`\r\n* Addresses: `bytes` of length 20\r\n* Integers: `int`\r\n* Array Types: `tuple`\r\n\r\n### Normal Formats\r\n\r\nThe normal format is intended for use by end users.\r\n\r\n* 32 byte hashes: `0x` prefixed hexadecimal encoded text strings (not byte strings)\r\n* Arbitrary length strings: `0x` prefixed hexadecimal encoded text strings (not byte strings)\r\n* Addresses: `0x` prefixed and EIP55 checksummed hexadecimal encoded text strings (not byte strings)\r\n* Integers: `int`\r\n* Array Types: `tuple`\r\n\r\n\r\n## Normalization and Validation\r\n\r\n> Beware! Here there be dragons... This section of the documentation is only\r\n> relevant if you intend to build tooling on top of this library.\r\n\r\nThe ethereum tester provides strong guarantees that backends can be swapped out\r\nseamlessly without effecting the data formats of both the input arguments and\r\nreturn values. This is accomplished using a two-step process of strict\r\n*normalization* and *validation*.\r\n\r\nAll inputs to the methods of the `EthereumTester` are first validated then\r\nnormalized to a *canonical* format. Return values are put through this process\r\nas well, first validating the data returned by the backend, and then\r\nnormalizing it from the *canonical* format to the *normal* form before being\r\nreturned.\r\n\r\n\r\n<a id=\"normalization\"></a>\r\n### Normalization\r\n\r\nThe `EthereumTester` delegates normalization to whatever `normalizer` was\r\npassed in during instantiation. If no value was provided, the default\r\nnormalizer will be used from\r\n`ethter.normalization.default.DefaultNormalizer`.\r\n\r\nThe specifics of this object are beyond the scope of this document.\r\n\r\n<a id=\"validation\"></a>\r\n### Validation\r\n\r\nThe `EthereumTester` delegates validation to whatever `validator` was\r\npassed in during instantiation. If no value was provided, the default\r\nvalidator will be used from\r\n`ethter.validation.default.DefaultValidator`.\r\n\r\nThe specifics of this object are beyond the scope of this document.\r\n\r\n\r\n# Use with Web3.py\r\n\r\nSee the [web3.py documentation](http://web3py.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) for\r\ninformation on the `EthereumTester` provider which integrates with this\r\nlibrary.\r\n",
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