# Lytspel, a Simple Phonetic Respelling for the English Language
The idea: Spelling should be fun, not a burden. The traditional English
spelling system is afflicted with exceptions and conflicting rules, making
writing and reading texts unnecessarily hard.
Lytspel is a proposal for reforming the English spelling in order to make
it strictly follow the alphabetic principle. The alphabetic principle means
that there is a predictable relationship between written letters and spoken
sounds. When you see a written word, you know how to pronounce it (even if
you don't know the word itself), and vice versa.
Traditional English spelling (tradspell) deviates from the alphabetic
principle in many ways. The mapping between written and spoken words is
very complex and riddled with irregularities and exceptions. Lytspel (for
«lytwait speling» or ‹lightweight spelling›) is a proposal to change this,
while keeping as much visual similarity to tradspell as reasonably
possible.
Lytspel not only creates an unambiguous mapping between the sounds used in
English and their written representations, it also indicates which syllable
in each word is the stressed one.
In addition to the reform proposal, there is a comprehensive dictionary and
a [converter](https://www.lytspel.org/) that translates traditional
spelling into Lytspel.
Here are two example paragraphs written in Lytspel. The first is [The North
Wind and the
Sun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun), one of
Aesop's fables that's frequently used as an example in phonetics, while the
second is made up of two nonsense sentences that contain most of the sounds
of English.
> The North Wind and the Sun wur dispueting which wos the strongger, when a
> traveler caim along rapd in a worm cloak. Thay agreed that the wun hu
> furst suxeeded in maiking the traveler taik his cloak of shood bee
> consíderd strongger than the uther. Then the North Wind blu as hard as hi
> cood, but the mor hi blu the mor cloassli did the traveler foald his
> cloak eround him; and at last the North Wind gaiv up the atempt. Then the
> Sun shynd out wormli, and imeediatli the traveler took of his cloak. And
> so the North Wind wos oblyjd tu conféss that the Sun wos the strongger ov
> the tuu.
>
> That quik baizh fox jumpd in the air oaver eech thin dog under a caam
> autum muun. Look out, y shout, for hi's foild ue yet agen, criáiting
> cayoss.
Here are the same paragraphs written in tradspell. Lytspel might look a
bit unusual at first, but should be easy to get used too. Just try reading
it out aloud and you'll soon get the hang of it.
> The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a
> traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who
> first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be
> considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as
> he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his
> cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then
> the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his
> cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the
> stronger of the two.
>
> That quick beige fox jumped in the air over each thin dog under a calm
> autumn moon. Look out, I shout, for he's foiled you yet again, creating
> chaos.
## The Rules of Lytspel
The following formatting conventions are used in this document:
* «double guillemets» for Lytspel (and spellings that haven't changed)
* ‹single guillemets› for traditional spellings
* /slashes/ for phonetics, written in the
[SAMPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMPA_chart_for_English) alphabet
(with some slight modifications to make it more suitable for English)
Abbreviations used:
* RP: [Received
Pronunciation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation), the
standard form of English spoken in the United Kingdom, especially in
England and Wales
* GA: [General American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American),
English as typically spoken in the United States
### Consonants
The consonants are written as follows:
* «b» /b/ as in «bed»
* «ch» /tS/ as in «much»
* «d» /d/ as in «desk»
* «f» /f/ as in «fat»
* «g» /g/ as in «big, garden, gess» ‹...guess›
* «h» /h/ as in «hot»
* «j» /dZ/ as in «joy, díjit» ‹...digit›
* «l» /l/ as in «leg»
* «m» /m/ as in «mad»
* «n» /n/ as in «now»
* «ng» /N/ as in «long»
* «p» /p/ as in «pop»
* «r» /r/ as in «run»
* «sh» /S/ as in «ship»
* «t» /t/ as in «test»
* «v» /v/ as in «ever»
* «w» /w/ as in «west»
* «wh» /hw/ as in «when». Many people speak «w» and «wh» [the same
way](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8wh%E2%9F%A9#Wine.E2.80.93whine_merger),
but not everybody does, and Lytspel preserves the distinction.
* «y» /j/ as in «yet»
* «zh» /Z/ as in «miraazh» ‹mirage›
The sound /k/ is written as «c» or «k», depending on context:
* «k» is used before «e, i, y», e.g. «keep, king, kynd, calcuelaition»
‹...kind, calculation›
* «k» is also used before «h» to prevent confusion with the digraph «ch»
/tS/, e.g. «lunkhed» ‹lunkhead›
* «c» is used before any other letter, e.g. «cat, cost, crisp»
* «c» is also used at the end of words ending in unstressed /ak/ or /Ik/,
e.g. «mainiac, majic, public» ‹maniac, magic...›
* «k» is used at the end of other words ending in /k/, e.g. «book, drink,
quik, speek, naimsaik» ‹...quick, speak, namesake›
The sound /s/ is written as «c», «s», or «ss», depending on context:
* «c» is used between any vowel and a vowel starting with «e, i, y», e.g.
«deecent, ixplicit, nececerri, dicyd» ‹decent, explicit, necessary,
decide›
* «ss» is used between any vowel and a vowel starting with «a, o, u», e.g.
«assault, épissoad, assumption» ‹assault, episode, assumption›
* «ss» is also used at the end of words except after any of the consonants
/f, k, p, t, T/, e.g. «less, miss, évidenss» ‹...evidence›
* «s» is used anywhere else, e.g. «sun, desk, chips, upsets»
* «s» is also used in the prefixes «dis, mis, sis» ‹...cis› regardless of
which letter follows, e.g. «disagree, disenchantment, misinturprit,
misunderstand» ‹disagree, disenchantment, misinterpret, misunderstand›
The sound /z/ is written as «s» or «z», depending on context:
* «s» is used between two vowels, e.g. «visit, eesi, dusen, disyr, bisar,
risult» ‹...easy, dozen, desire, bizarre, result›
* «s» is also used at the end of words except after any of the consonants
/f, k, p, t, T/, e.g. «his, wishes, meens, paus, quis» ‹...means, pause,
quiz›
* «z» is used anywhere else, e.g. «zeero, igzact, obzurv» ‹zero, exact,
observe›
The two sounds traditionally written ‹th› are represented as follows:
* Voiceless /T/ is always written «th», e.g. «thin»
* Voiced /D/ is usually «dh», e.g. «smuudh, wurdhi» ‹smooth, worthy›
* However, it remains «th» in the frequent words «aulthó, tho, than, the,
then, thay, them, thair, thiss, that, thuss» ‹although, though, than,
the, then, they, them, their *or* there, this, that, thus› as well as in
all words ending in /D@`/, such as «anuther, bother, muther, whether»
‹another, bother, mother, whether›
* This spelling is preserved in derivatives of all these words, such as
«nevertheléss, nuntheléss» ‹nevertheless, nonetheless› from «the»,
«themselvs» ‹themselves› from «them», «thairs, thairby, thairfor»
‹theirs, thereby, therefore› from «thair», «thees» ‹these› from «thiss»,
«thoas» ‹those› from «that», «utherwys» ‹otherwise› from «uther» ‹other›.
The adjectives «farthest, furthest» are considered derivatives of
«farther, further» and thus also written with «th».
* To distinguish them, the small number of words ending in /T@`/ is written
with «thur»: «Arthur, authur, eethur, panthur» ‹Arthur, author,
ether/aether, panther›. Since no English words end in /T3:/, this
spelling is unambiguous.
### Vowels
The short vowels are written as follows:
* «a» /a/ as in «cat»
* «e» /E/ as in «pen»
* «i» /I/ as in «big»
* «o» /Q/ as in «dog»
* «oo» /U/ as in «book»
* «u» /V/ as in «club»
If the vowels written with just one letter occur at the end of words, «h»
is appended, e.g. «Yaaweh, eh, huh» ‹Yahweh...›.
The long vowels and diphthongs are written as follows:
* «aa» /A/ as in «paam, faather» ‹palm, father›.
* «ai» /eI/ as in «aim, saint, faiss» ‹...face›. Written «ay» if it occurs
at the end of words or before another vowel, e.g. «play, hóliday, layer,
cayoss» ‹...holiday, layer, chaos›.
* «au» /O:/ as in «autum, paus» ‹autumn, pause›. Written «aw» if it occurs
at the end of words or before another vowel, e.g. «law, drawing».
* «ee» /i:/ as in «tree, teem» ‹...team›. Written «i» if it occurs
unstressed at the end of words or before another vowel, e.g. «fansi,
nececiti, vidio, criaition» ‹fancy, necessity, video, creation›. This
means that Lytspel cannot distinguish between unstressed /i:/ and
unstressed /I/ (as in «big») in these positions, but that shouldn't hurt,
as /I/ is rarely used in these positions and dictionaries often disagree
on which of these sounds to use anyway.
«i» is also used at the end of personal pronouns ending in /i:/ (as
these are often less stressed than other words in a sentence): «hi,
shi, wi, mi» ‹he, she, we, me›. And it's used at the end of prefixes
such as «anti, semi» (spoken with /i:/ by many speakers, with /aI/ by
others) as well as «di, pri, ri» ‹de, pre, re› (even if the prefix is
stressed), e.g. «antisoashel; semifynel, semiautematic; digraid;
primachóor, prirequisit; riact, riproduess» ‹antisocial; semifinal,
semiautomatic; degrade; premature, prerequisite; react, reproduce›.
* «oa» /oU/ as in «boat, hoam» ‹...home›. Written «o» if it occurs at the
end of words or before another vowel, e.g. «zeero, coóperait, sho,
poetic» ‹zero, cooperate, show...›. This poses little risk of confusion,
as /Q/ (as in «dog») occurs rarely or never before other vowels.
«o» is also used at the end of prefixes such as «biyo, ethno, fyto,
hetero, imueno, jio, keemo, macro, mycro, nio, nuero, palio, suudo,
thurmo» ‹bio, ethno, phyto, hetero, immuno, geo, chemo, macro, micro,
neo, neuro, paleo, pseudo, thermo›, e.g. «biyokemistri, ethnosentric,
heterosecshual, imuenodifishenssi, jiofisicl, keemotherrepi, mycrowaiv,
nioclassic, nuerosurjeri, suudosiyenss, thurmodynamics» ‹biochemistry,
ethnocentric, heterosexual, immunodeficiency, geophysical,
chemotherapy, microwave, neoclassic, neurosurgery, pseudoscience,
thermodynamics›.
* «oi» /OI/ as in «oil, point, avoid». Written «oy» if it occurs at the end
of words or before another vowel, e.g. «boy, enjoy, royel» ‹...royal›.
* «ou» /aU/ as in «mouth, doun» ‹...down›. Written «ow» if it occurs at the
end of words or before another vowel, e.g. «now, power, alow» ‹...allow›.
* «uu» /u:/ as in «muun, ixcluud, gruup» ‹moon, exclude, group›. Written
«u» if it occurs at the end of words or before another vowel, e.g. «clu,
íshu, sichuaition» ‹clue, issue, situation›. This poses little risk of
confusion, as /V/ (as in «bus») occurs rarely or never before other
vowels.
* «ue» (/yU/ or /ju:/) as in «válue, cuet, compueter, móduelait» ‹value,
cute, computer, modulate›. This spelling is also used in words that are
typically spoken with /yU/ or /ju:/ in RP, with /u:/ or /U/ in GA, e.g.
«due, nuetrel, tuen» ‹...neutral, tune›.
* «y» /aI/ as in «pryss, styl, dry» ‹price, style...›. Written «iy» if it
occurs before another vowel (e.g. «diyámiter, quiyet, viyelenss, iyern»
‹diameter, quiet, violence, iron›) or at the end of words after another
vowel (e.g. «raidiiy» ‹radii›), to prevent confusion with the consonant
«y» /j/ (as in «yet»).
### The Schwa
The schwa is an unstressed and neutral vowel that occurs frequently in
English words. Lytspel generally writes it as «e» or «u». «u» is used
whenever the traditional spelling contains this vowel, e.g. «álbum,
nurvuss, suspénd» ‹album, nervous, suspend›. «e» is used otherwise, e.g.
«camel, problem, hiden, sentrel» ‹...hidden, central›.
This means that Lytspel doesn't distinguish between unstressed /V/ as in
«fundeméntel» ‹fundamental› or /E/ as in «índex» and the schwa /@/.
However, since the unstressed forms of these vowels sound quite similar to
the schwa and there is often no agreement between speakers whether to use
one or the other, this shouldn't hurt.
A schwa immediately preceding the primarily stressed syllable can also be
represented by one of the other three vowel letters («a, i, o», but not
«y»), e.g. «a» in «about», «i» in «imajinaition» ‹imagination›, «o» in
«compuet» ‹compute›. The reason for this is that the vowel preceding the
stressed syllable is often spoken so quickly that it's hard to decide
whether a schwa or one of the short vowels is pronounced and not all
speakers will agree on which one to use. For clarity, it's therefore better
to stick with the original representation of the vowel in such cases, even
if most speakers might reduce it to a schwa. Additionally, the reduced
vowel often becomes clearly audible in related words, e.g. while the second
«i» in «imajinaition» is often reduced to a schwa, in «imajin» ‹imagine›
it's clearly audible as /I/.
At the end of words, the schwa is always written «a», e.g. «extra, daita»
‹... data›. Before other vowels, it is always spelled «e» (never «u») to
prevent confusion with /u:/ (spelled «u» in this position). Schwa in this
position is very rare.
Between any of /b, p, k/ and word-final /l/, the schwa is omitted
altogether, e.g. «flexebl, simpl, articl» ‹flexible, simple, article›.
Likewise, final /z@m/ is written «sm» with the schwa omitted, e.g.
«criticism, sarcasm». (Why «sm» instead of "zm", you might ask? Because
this combination would be written «sem» if the schwa were not omitted --
see the notes on spelling /z/ above.)
Since all these consonant pairs never occur *without* an intervening vowel
at the end of words, there is no risk of confusion.
### Vowel Spellings before R
Before «r», the short vowels are spelled as follows:
* «arr» /ar/ as in «carri, embarress» ‹carry, embarrass›
* «ir» /Ir/ as in «mirer, íritait» ‹mirror, irritate›
* «er» /@`/ as in «number, modern» (r-colored schwa). Note: In RP and other
[non-rhotic accents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English),
this usually sounds like a normal schwa; likewise, «r» after other vowels
is often inaudible or reduced to a schwa.
* «err» /Er/ as in «merri, errer» ‹merry, error›
* «oor» /Ur/ as in «poor, toor, inshoorenss» ‹...tour, insurance›
* «orr» /Qr/ as in «sorri, tomórro» ‹sorry, tomorrow›. Note: Most GA
speakers pronounce this in the same way as the «or» /O:r/ in «north», but
the two sounds are distinguished in RP.
* «urr» /Vr/ as in «hurri, current» ‹hurry...›
The long vowels are spelled thus:
* «air» /e@/ as in «pair, shair, vairiaition» ‹...share, variation›
* «ar» /Ar/ as in «dark, arguement» ‹...argument›
* «eer» /i@/ as in «cheer, yeer» ‹...year›. Note: GA speakers often
pronounce this in the same way as the «ir» /Ir/ in «mirer» ‹mirror›
([mirror–nearer
merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/#Mirror%E2%80%93nearer_merger)).
* «or» /O:r/ as in «north, order, port, ignor» ‹...ignore›. Note: Some
speakers pronounce the vowel in «north» differently from the one in
«port», but most do not ([horse–hoarse
merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_%2Fr%2F#Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger)),
and Lytspel does not express this distinction.
* «our» /aUr/ as in «flour, our» ‹flour, our *or* hour›
* «uer» (/ju:r/ or /jUr/) as in «Uerep, puer, obscuer» ‹Europe, pure,
obscure›. This spelling is also used in words that are typically spoken
with /ju:r/ or /jUr/ in RP, with /Ur/ in GA, e.g. «duering, nuerel»
‹during, neural›.
* «ur» /3:/ as in «turn, furst, consurn, obzurvaition» ‹...first, concern,
observation›. This sound only occurs before «r» and can be considered a
stronger (and often stressed) variant of the schwa.
* «yr» is spoken /aI@`/ at the end of words (e.g. «fyr, inspyr» ‹fire,
inspire›), /aIr/ elsewhere (e.g. «vyruss, yreni, spyrel» ‹virus, irony,
spiral›)
### Spellings Involving Several Sounds
* The vowel combination /i:@/ or /I@/ is written «ia», e.g. «misteeriass,
mateerial, meediam, óbviass, vairiabl, airia, imeediat» ‹mysterious,
material, medium, obvious, variable, area, immediate›. If the second
vowel is stressed, this combination represents /i:a/ instead (e.g.
«rialiti» ‹reality›), and in a few other words, it does so as well (e.g.
«enthuesiasm, zoadiac» ‹enthusiasm, zodiac›) -- this distinction is not
represented in writing.
* The r-colored vowel combination /i:@`/ is written «ier», e.g. «thieri»
‹theory›.
* The vowel combination /oU@/ is written «oe», e.g. «boe, coelition,
yssócroess» ‹boa, coalition, isochroous›. If the second vowel is
stressed, this combination represents /oUE/ instead (e.g. «poetic»), and
in a few other words, it does so as well (e.g. «floem» ‹phloem›) -- this
distinction is not represented in writing.
* The vowel combination /u:@/ or /U@/ is written «ua», e.g. «ácchual,
indivijual, ínfluanss, soopurfluass, crual» ‹actual, individual,
influence, superfluous, cruel›. If the second vowel is stressed, this
combination represents /u:a/ instead (e.g. «secshualiti» ‹sexuality›),
and in a few other words, it does so as well (e.g. «bivuac» ‹bivouac›) --
this distinction is not represented in writing.
* The consonant combination /kw/ is written «qu», e.g. «quit, riquest»
‹...request›; the letter «q» only occurs in this combination.
* The consonant combination /ks/ is written «x», e.g. «mix, next, ixplicit,
áxident» ‹...explicit, accident›.
* Generally, «ng» represents the single sound /N/ (as in «long»), but in
words starting with any of «cong, eng, ing» not followed by another «g»
or the end of the word, «ng» is usually pronounced /ng/ (e.g.
«congrátuelait, engaij, ingreediant» ‹congratulate, engage, ingredient›).
Elsewhere, /ng/ is written «nng» to distinguish it from /N/ (e.g.
«cairnngorm, martenngail» ‹cairngorm, martingale›).
* Before /k/, «n» is pronounced /N/ rather then /n/ (e.g. «bank, tranquil,
distinct, bronkytiss» ‹...bronchitis›), except if «n» and /k/ belong to
different parts of a compound (e.g. «mankynd, raincoat» ‹mankind...›) or
if a word starts with any of «con, en, in, non, un» followed by a /k/
sound (e.g. «concluusion, encounter, incompitent, increess *or* íncreess,
nonconformist, uncleer» ‹conclusion, encounter, incompetent, increase,
nonconformist, unclear›). However, in some such words, /Nk/ is pronounced
by some speakers (e.g. «conquest, íncrement, cóncreet, inquisition»
‹...increment, concrete, inquisition›) or by everyone (e.g. «conker, ink,
íncling, uncl, unction» ‹conker *or* conquer, ink, inkling, uncle,
unction›) -- this difference it not expressed in writing.
* /n/ is written «nn» if it occurs before /k/ in places where «n» would be
spoken /N/, e.g. «canncan, melenncoli, noamennclaicher» ‹cancan,
melancholy, nomenclature›.
### Spellings Used at the End of Words
Some sound combinations are written in a special way if they occur at the
end of words:
* Final /O:l/ is written «all», e.g. «ball, install». This spelling is
preserved in derived words, e.g. «walls, calling, installment».
* Final /S@n/ is written «tion», e.g. «recognition, obzurvaition, section,
permition, moation, oation, muesition» ‹...observation, section,
permission, motion, ocean, musician›.
* Final /Z@n/ is written «sion», e.g. «vision, confuesion, iquaision»
‹...confusion, equation›.
* The «tion» and «sion» spellings aren't used in words that are derived by
appending «n» or «en» to another word, e.g. «ashen, freshen, Rushan,
Melaneezhan» ‹ashen, freshen, Russian, Melanesian› from «ash, fresh,
Rusha, Melaneezha» ‹...Russia, Melanesia›.
* The «tion» and «sion» spellings are preserved in derived words (e.g.
«rilaitionship, traditionel, ocaisionel» ‹relationship, traditional,
occasional›), even if the derived form is irregular (e.g. «nationel»
‹national› from «naition» ‹nation›).
### Stress
Stress is marked using an acute accent in cases where it deviates from the
stress pattern predicted by a set of fairly reliable rules. The use of
accents is optional (they may be omitted), but recommended -- especially in
formal contexts such as books and newspapers. In a few cases, two words are
distinguished only by the presence of absence of an accent, e.g. «díscuss»
‹discus› versus «discuss».
The rules for predicting the default stress are as follows:
* If a word has just one syllable, no accent (stress marker) is used or
needed.
* If a word ends in «ee», this final vowel is stressed (because unstressed
/i:/ would be written «i» in this position) -- e.g. «agree».
* If a word ends in «a» (the schwa) or «i» (unstressed /i:/) and has just
two syllables, the first vowel is stressed (because the second is
unstressed by definition) -- e.g. «extra, hapi» ‹...happy›.
* If a word ends in any of «grefi, leji, ic, icl, ics, iti, sion, tion»,
the vowel preceding this ending is stressed, e.g. «turminoleji,
statistic, sicueriti, publicaition» ‹terminology, statistic, security,
publication›.
* Otherwise the first long vowel in the word is considered stressed, e.g.
«compleet, confurm, enjineer, ixplain, prisuem, sufyss» ‹complete,
confirm, engineer, explain, presume, suffice›. Generally, all vowels
except for «a, e, i, o, oo, u» and the schwa (as well as their r-colored
variants) are considered long. However, with the exception of «y», if a
long vowel is written with just one letter (because it precedes another
vowel or the end of the word), it does not count for the purposes of this
rule -- e.g. the «i» in «óbviass» ‹obvious› and the «o» in «windo»
‹window› do not count. If a word ends in any of «ait, y, ys, yt», the
long vowel in this ending also does not count for the purposes of this
rule.
* Otherwise, if a word starts with a short vowel or with «di» or «ri», the
second vowel is considered stressed, e.g. «adopt, upon, difenss, riquest»
‹adopt, upon, defense, request›. If not, the first vowel is considered
stressed, e.g. «current, quontiti» ‹...quantity›. But in either case, if
the chosen vowel would be «er», the next vowel that is not «er» is chosen
instead (because «er» is the r-colored schwa, which is never stressed) --
e.g. «interject, perhaps». If there is no such next vowel, the first
vowel is considered stressed, e.g. «errer» ‹error›.
If these rules fail to correctly predict the stress, an acute accent is
added on top of the stressed vowel. If this vowel has two letters, the
accent is added on top of the first one, e.g. «maintáin, uenéek» ‹maintain,
unique›.
### Homophones and Irregular Words
* The vowels in the articles «the, a, an» retain their traditional
spelling.
* «ey» ‹eye› is written irregularly to distinguish it from «y» ‹I› and for
easier recognition in compounds such as «fishey» ‹fisheye›.
* «four» is written irregularly to distinguish it from «for» ‹for *or*
fore›.
* «noa» ‹know› is written somewhat irregularly to distinguish it from «no».
* «oa» ‹owe› is written somewhat irregularly since a verb with just one
letter could be confusing (and also to distinguish it from the
interjection «o» ‹oh›).
* «tuu» ‹too *or* two› is written somewhat irregularly to distinguish it
from «tu» ‹to›.
### Rules for Derived and Related Words
* In front of suffixes starting with «e, i, y», final «c» is changed to
«k», e.g. «trafiking» ‹trafficking› from «trafic» ‹traffic›.
* Final «c» remains unchanged in front of such suffixes if its
pronunciation changes from /k/ to /s/, e.g. «publicist, publicys»
‹...publicize› from «public».
* In front of suffixes consisting in a single consonant («d, n, s»), final
«i» (unstressed /i:/) becomes «ie» to mark it as long, e.g. «studied»
from «studi» ‹study›, «vairies» ‹varies› from «vairi» ‹vary›. Otherwise
forms such as "studid" would look like «splendid», but be spoken quite
differently.
* To prevent misreadings, final «o» /oU/ is changed back to «oa» and final
«u» /u:/ to «uu» in front of the same suffixes, e.g. «foload» ‹followed›
from «folo» ‹follow›, «chuud» ‹chewed› from «chu» ‹chew›, «throan»
‹thrown› from «thro» ‹throw›, «struun» ‹strewn› from «stru» ‹strew›,
«potaitoas» ‹potatoes› from «potaito» ‹potato›, «shuus» ‹shoes› from
«shu» ‹shoe›.
* A schwa /@/ at the start of suffixes is written as «a» if the base word
ends in /i:/ or /u:/, e.g. «eesiast» ‹easiest› from «eesi» ‹easy›,
«vairiabl» ‹variable› from «vairi» ‹vary›, «duabl» ‹doable› from «du»
‹do›, «agreeabl» ‹agreeable› from «agree» ‹agree›. This ensures
consistency with the combined spellings «ia» and «ua» used elsewhere (see
above) and prevents confusion with «ie» in words such as «studied». But
note that r-colored schwa remains «er», e.g. «eesier» ‹easier›.
* As noted above, the schwa is omitted between a few consonants and final
«l». To prevent misreadings, the omitted schwa is restored as «e» in
front of the suffixes «ait/et, erri, ism, ist, oid, uss, ys» ‹ate,
ary..., ous, ise/ize› as well as before stressed «ee», e.g. «puepelerri»
‹pupillary› from «puepl» ‹pupil›, «voakelist» ‹vocalist› from «voacl»
‹vocal›, «lybeluss» ‹libelous› and «lybelee» ‹libelee› from «lybl»
‹libel›. The obvious exception are derived words where no schwa is
spoken, e.g. «syclys» ‹cyclize› from «sycl» ‹cycle›, «simplism» from
«simpl» ‹simple›.
* Otherwise, end-of-word spellings are preserved in all derived forms as
long as the base word doesn't change (except for possible shifts of
stress), e.g.
* «c» representing /k/: «publicli, publicaition» ‹publicly, publication›
from «public»; «mecanics, mecanicl» ‹mechanics, mechanical› from
«mecanic» ‹mechanic›
* «k» representing /k/: «weeks, weekli» ‹...weekly› from «week»
* «ss» representing /s/: «classic» from «class»; «convínssd, convínssing»
‹convinced, convincing› from «convínss» ‹convince›; «anounssment»
‹announcement› from «anounss» ‹announce›; «prinssess» ‹princess› from
«prinss» ‹prince›
* «a» representing /@/: «extras» from «extra», «Amerrican» ‹American›
from «Amerrica» ‹America›
* «aw» representing /O:/: «draws, drawn, drawing» from «draw»
* «i» representing unstressed /i:/: «fansiful, fansiing» ‹fanciful,
fancying› from «fansi» ‹fancy›; «hapiness» ‹happiness› from «hapi»
‹happy›
* «oy» representing /OI/: «distroys, distroyd, distroyer» ‹destroys,
destroyed, destroyer› from «distroy» ‹destroy›
* «y» representing /aI/ (unchanged even before vowels): «hyer» ‹higher›
from «hy» ‹high›; «suplýer» ‹supplier› from «suplý» ‹supply›
* «yr» representing /aI@`/: «inspyrd» ‹inspired› from «inspyr» ‹inspire›
* They are also preserved in compounds, e.g. «bakground, extraterestrial,
fyrwurks» ‹background, extraterrestrial, fireworks›.
* If the pronunciation of the base word itself changes (beyond mere shifts
of stress), the spelling reflects this, e.g. «creecher» ‹creature› from
«criáit» ‹create›; «discution» ‹discussion› from «discuss»; «concluusion»
‹conclusion› from «concluud» ‹conclude›; «ácchual» ‹actual› from «act»;
«assumption» from «assuum» ‹assume›; «mentaliti» ‹mentality› from
«mentel» ‹mental›.
* The past tense of regular verbs is formed by appending «ed» if /@d/ is
spoken (e.g. «silécted, waisted» ‹selected, wasted›), «d» if /d/ or /t/
is spoken (e.g. «riveeld, consíderd, payd, fixd, convínss» ‹revealed,
considered, paid, fixed, convinced›). The past tense of irregular verbs
is spelled as it's spoken, e.g. «kept» from «keep».
* While in tradspell a noun and a related verb are often written the same
even if spoken differently, in Lytspel the spelling reflects the actual
pronunciation, e.g. «a suspect, tu suspéct; a récord, tu ricord; a houss,
tu hous» ‹a suspect, to suspect; a record, to record; a house, to house›.
* Normally Lytspel doesn't use double consonants, except in those cases
where a double consonant is spoken differently than a single one (e.g.
«ss» spoken /s/ in certain contexts where «s» is spoken /z/). However,
double consonants can also occur if they belong to different parts of a
compound or if one belongs to a prefix or suffix and the other to the
base word, e.g. «toatelli, suuperreejenel, unnececerri» ‹totally,
superregional, unnecessary›.
* Unstressed final /Iks/ traditionally written ‹ics› is treated as if it is
a plural (and hence written «ics») even if the corresponding singular
form (ending in /Ik/) is unknown or rarely used, e.g. «astrofisics,
diyanetics» ‹astrophysics, dianetics›. This is for consistency with the
many cases where «ics» indeed marks a plural or quasi-plural, e.g.
«ilectronics» ‹electronics› from «ilectronic» ‹electronic›.
* For consistency with forms derived by appending «li» ‹ly› to words ending
in «cl» ‹cal› (e.g. «practiclli» ‹practically› from «practicl»
‹practical›), all forms derived by appending ‹ally› (pronounced /@li:/ or
/li:/) to words ending in «c« are written «clli», e.g. «baissiclli»
‹basically› from «baissic» ‹basic›, «specificlli» ‹specifically› from
«specific».
Stress marking in derived words:
* If a word is formed by joining two words into one, no accent is added or
removed (e.g. «lyftym» ‹lifetime› from «lyf» + «tym», «élboruum»
‹elbowroom› from «élbo» + «ruum»). Suffixed forms likewise don't add or
remove accents, except when the stressed syllable shifts, e.g.
«ixperriméntel» ‹experimental› from «ixperriment», «uenivúrssel»
‹universal› from «uenivurss» ‹universe›.
* If a prefix is added in front of a word, no accent is added or removed if
the prefix has two or more syllables, e.g. «antisoashel, oaverpryss»
‹antisocial, overprice›. In such cases -- just as in the case of
compounds formed of two separate words -- usually both parts carry a
certain amount of stress, so it's hardly necessary to indicate which has
more.
* If a prefix has just one syllable, on the other hand, usually either it
or the main word is audibly stressed -- more often than not the latter.
If that is the case, no accent is added or removed, e.g. «riact,
unlimited» ‹react...›. But if it's the prefix that is stressed, it is
marked with an (acute) accent and any accents from the main word are
removed, e.g. «nónsenss, prívue» ‹nonsense, preview›.
### Disambiguating Multigraphs
**Note:** This section is of interest mainly to dictionary makers. Users
only need to know that they should add a diaeresis if a vowel sequence
could otherwise be misread, e.g. «coöperaition» ‹cooperation› (pronounced
with two adjacent vowel sounds, not one as in «book»). If a consonant
sequence could be misread, a hyphen may be added, e.g. «sheeps-hed»
‹sheepshead› (could otherwise be read as «sheep-shed»).
* Spellings involving digraphs (such as «ch, sh, ss, ai, oa, oy, ur») and
trigraphs (such as «arr, eer») are generally read from left to right: the
first letter sequence that *can* be read as a multigraph *should* be read
as such; e.g. «dueel» ‹dual *or* duel› is read as «d-ue-e-l» (/dj'u:@l/
or /d'u:@l/), «layer» is read as «l-ay-er» (/l'eI@`/).
* But if any of «i, o, u» is followed by «aa» or «ai», the first vowel is
read separately from the rest of the sequence, e.g. «coaala, apreeshiait,
oaiciss, sichuaition» ‹koala, appreciate, oasis, situation›. The rare
sequences «iay« and «uay» are read the same way, e.g. «dóciay» ‹dossier›.
* Since final /OI/ is spelled «oy», final «oi» unambiguously represents the
two vowels /oUi:/. Except for a handful of words (e.g. «joi» ‹joey›),
this combination occurs mostly in derived words, (e.g. «shoi» ‹showy›
from «sho» ‹show›).
* «oic» at the end of words is always spoken /oUIk/ (two separate vowels),
e.g. «hiroic, stoic» ‹heroic...›.
* Double «rr» always forms a trigraph with the vowel to its left, e.g.
«Februerri» ‹February› is read as «F-e-b-r-u-err-i».
* In cases where the previous rules would lead to a misreading, Lytspel
recommends adding a diaeresis on top of the first vowel that would
otherwise be misinterpreted, e.g. «coöperaition, poït, suër»
‹cooperation, poet, sewer›. The recommended way to avoid a possible
misreading in a consonant sequence is the insertion of a hyphen, e.g.
«sheeps-hed» ‹sheepshead›. Note that if a word begins with «adh» (e.g.
«adheer» ‹adhere›), the consonants are always read as /dh/ (two
consonants), not as a single /D/, therefore no hyphen is needed in such
cases.
* If «y» or «w» occurs between two vowels, it is in very rare cases useful
to add a hyphen before this letter to make it clear that it is read
standalone (as a consonant) instead of as second part of one of the long
vowels «ay, oy, uy, aw, ow», e.g. «Ma-yorca, sooki-yaaki, Ha-wiyi»
‹Majorca, sukiyaki, Hawaii›. In words starting with «aw« followed by a
vowel (e.g. «awaik» ‹awake›) this is not necessary, as they are always
read as «a-w» (two sounds) rather than «aw» (one sound).
* If preferred, a hyphen instead of a diaeresis can also be used in the
case of vowel sequences, e.g. «co-operaition, po-it».
* Diaereses are generally not inserted between a base word and a suffix,
e.g. «truer» from «tru» ‹true›.
* After a prefix or the first part of a compound, a diaeresis is only
inserted if the last letter of the first part and the first letter of the
second part would otherwise form one of the combinations «oa, oi, oo, ou»
(each of which represents a single vowel), e.g. «throäway, coïgzist,
bloöut» ‹throwaway, coexist, blowout›. In other cases, no diaereses or
hyphens are inserted, e.g. «shorthand».
* Writers may, of course, insert a diaeresis or hyphen between the parts of
an affixed or compound word whenever they consider such a visual
separator helpful to prevent misreadings or confusion.
### Spelling of Proper Nouns
* Proper nouns that are in widespread and general use should preferably be
respelled, e.g. «Lunden, Juupiter, Micicípi» ‹London, Jupiter,
Mississippi›. This might also apply to the names of well-known dead
persons, e.g. «Wilyem Shaixpeer, Juulyuss Seeser» ‹William Shakespeare,
Julius Caesar›.
* Personal, family, and company names are spelled as their owners prefer
it.
* If Irish names starting with «O'» are respelled, the capitalized «O»
followed by an apostrophe and a capital letter represents /oU/ followed
by a stressed syllable, hence «O'Coner, O'Neel» ‹O'Connor, O'Neil› would
be regular respellings.
* Scottish and Irish names traditionally starting with ‹Mc› or ‹Mac› /m@k/
followed by a capitalized and stressed second syllable may be respelled
by writing «Mc» followed by a capital letter instead of a stress marker,
e.g. «McAdem, McDonel» ‹McAdam, McDonnell›. If the stressed syllable
starts with a /k/ sound, that letter is capitalized (and repeated after
the initial «Mc»), e.g. «McCarti, McKee, McQueen» ‹McCarty...›. If any
other syllable is stressed, Lytspel recommend writing the word regularly
without inner capitalization, e.g. «Makintosh» ‹Macintosh *or* McIntosh›.
## International Pronunciation Differences
As an international language, English is currently written and spoken
somewhat differently in various parts of the world.
On the one hand, by using a phonetic spelling, Lytspel eliminates most
differences that traditionally exist between written British (BE) and
American English (AE), e.g. «culer, senter, orgenys, ánelys, lycenss,
catalog, aijing, program, chek, gray» ‹colour/color, centre/center,
organise/organize, analyse/analyze, licence/license, catalogue/catalog,
ageing/aging, programme/program, cheque/check, grey/gray›.
On the other hand, tailoring Lytspel to faithfully represent just one
regional variety would cause many deviations from the alphabetic principle
for everyone else. And creating different variants of Lytspel each fitting
just one regional variety would introduce even larger differences between
different regional varieties of written English than traditionally exist
between BE and AE.
Instead of going down either of theses routes, Lytspel had been designed as
some kind of "global compromise." It aims to keep the phonetic principle
reasonably intact for all varieties of spoken English, and particularly for
RP (since the English language originates in England) and GA (since the
United States are the country with the highest number of native English
speakers).
Several details of the Lytspel spellings have already been motivated as
representing sound distinctions that exist either in RP or in GA. But such
compromises are not almost possible without making the written language
extremely complex and unwieldy. In other cases, Lytspel therefore resolves
differences between RP and GA by choosing one spelling -- often the one
that keeps the written language more similar to tradspell or else the
shorter one:
* /a/ («a») is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /a/ or
/A/, e.g. «last, guulash» ‹...goulash›.
* /a/ is also preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /a/ or
/eI/, e.g. «patent, patriat» ‹...patriot›.
* /a/ is also preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /a/ or /Q/,
e.g. «rath» ‹wrath›.
* /A/ («aa)» is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /A/ or
/eI/, e.g. «tomaato, swaadh» ‹tomato, swathe›.
* /aI/ («y», «iy» before vowels) is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken
as either /aI/ or /i:/, e.g. «nydher, fílistyn» ‹neither, philistine›.
* /E/ («e)» is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /E/ or
/eI/, e.g. «agen» ‹again›.
* /E/ is also preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /E/ or
/i:/, e.g. «lezher, predececer» ‹leisure, predecessor›.
* /I/ («i») is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /I/ or
/aI/, e.g. «cristelin, direct, orgenisaition» ‹crystalline, direct,
organization›.
* /I/ is also preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /I/ or /i:/
(e.g. «afrodísiac» ‹aphrodisiac›), unless its original representation is
‹ee› (e.g. «been»).
* /i:/ («ee», «i» before vowels) is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken
as either /i:/ or /eI/, e.g. «beeta, gaseebo, Ízrial» ‹beta, gazebo,
Israel›.
* /Q/ («o») is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /Q/ or
/O:/, e.g. «álkehol, cloth» ‹alcohol...›.
* /Q/ is also preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /Q/ or
/oU/, e.g. «process, shon» ‹...shone›.
* /Q/ is also preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /Q/ or /V/,
e.g. «from, whot, acomplish» ‹...what, accomplish›.
* /oU/ («oa») is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /oU/ or
/O:/, e.g. «sloath» ‹sloth›.
* /U/ («oo») is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /U/ or
/u:/, e.g. «coocu, hoof» ‹cuckoo...›.
* /jU/ «ue» is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /jU/ or
/j@/, e.g. «dócuement, ócuepy» ‹document, occupy›.
* /Ir/ («ir») is preferred if an r-colored vowel is commonly spoken as
either /Ir/ or /3:/, e.g. «squirel» ‹squirrel›.
* /3:/ («ur») is preferred if an r-colored vowel is commonly spoken as
either /3:/ or /A(r)/, e.g. «clurk» ‹clerk›.
* /w/ («w») is preferred if a sound preceding a vowel is commonly spoken as
either /w/ or one of /ju:/ or /jU/, e.g. «jágwar» ‹jaguar›.
* If a vowel is spoken as a schwa or omitted altogether in some regions, as
/aI/ elsewhere, Lytspel generally uses «i» /I/ as a compromise, e.g.
«ájil, vursetil», ‹agile, versatile›.
* Otherwise, if a vowel is spoken with a full vowel sound in some regions,
while reduced to a schwa or omitted altogether elsewhere, Lytspel tends
to write the full version, e.g. «cátegori, ínevaitiv, militerri,
portrait, prymerri, python, roazmairi, téstimoani» ‹category, innovative,
military, portrait, primary, python, rosemary, testimony›.
* If some people pronounce /I/ and others a schwa, Lytspel uses «i» if
that's the original representation, e.g. «simplify».
* /z/ («s» or «z», depending on position) is preferred if a consonant is
commonly spoken as either /z/ or /s/, e.g. «irais, venisen, talizmen»
‹erase, venison, talisman›.
* If a consonant is commonly spoken as either /Z/ or /S/, final «sion»
/Z@n/ is preserved if it's already the traditional ending (e.g.
«convursion» ‹conversion›), otherwise /S/ (usually «sh») is preferred,
e.g. «Aisha, iraisher» ‹Asia, erasure›.
* If some people pronounce /D/ and others /T/, «th» (or «ther») is
preferred, e.g. «with, zither».
* /si:/ (depending on position, but often «ci») is preferred if a sequence
is commonly spoken as either /si:/ or /S/, e.g. «hecian, omniciant»
‹hessian, omniscient›.
* /zi:/ (depending on position, but often «si») is preferred if a sequence
is commonly spoken as either /zi:/ or /Z/, e.g. «hoasieri, Malaisia»
‹hosiery, Malaysia›.
* /ti:/ («ti» before vowels) is preferred if a sequence is commonly spoken
as either /ti:/ or as one of /S, Si:, tS, tSi:/, e.g. «sentiant,
consortiam, bestial, bestierri» ‹sentient, consortium, bestial,
bestiary›.
If a letter is commonly either spoken or silent, Lytspel tends to preserve
it, e.g. «platinum, trait» (not "platnum, tray").
If speakers in different regions tend to stress different syllables,
Lytspel usually places the stress early rather than late, e.g. «an ádress,
décaid, truncait» ‹an address, decade, truncate›. But in the case of
originally foreign words where a late stress placement corresponds to the
pronunciation in the original language, it is often preserved, e.g.
«cafeen, expoasáy» ‹caffeine, exposé›.
Other differences are usually unique to just one or very few words. In such
cases, Lytspel generally prefers the pronunciation that is more similar to
the traditional written form, e.g. «cordial, figer, shéduel» ‹...figure,
schedule› (rather than "corjel, figyer, skejuul").
In a few cases, one pronunciation is preferred because it is more similar
to that of a closely related word, e.g. «pryveci» ‹privacy› from «pryvet»
‹private› (rather than "priveci").
## Limitations of the Current Dictionary
The Lytspel dictionary, as currently published, can distinguish between
words traditionally written the same but pronounced differently
(heteronyms) as long as their grammatical role in a sentence is different
-- one is a noun, while the other is a verb, for example. This allows
distinguishing the verb «cloas» ‹close› from the adjective «cloass», the
noun «óbject» from the verb «object», etc. («Thay wur tuu cloass tu the dor
tu cloas it.» ‹They were too close to the door to close it.› / «Y did not
object tu the óbject.» ‹I did not object to the object.›)
However, heteronyms are currently only disambiguated by their grammatical
role (commonly known as *part of speech,* or *POS*), hence if two
heteronyms share the same grammatical role, the dictionary will list only
one of them. The other one should, of course, nevertheless be used when
appropriate. Words where this is the case include (the missing spelling is
listed in parentheses):
* ‹bass›: «baiss» (or «bass» for various fish species)
* ‹drawer›: «dror» (or «drawer» for a person who draws)
* ‹logos›: «loagoas» (plural of «loago» ‹logo›; or «logoss» for the Greek
word)
* ‹micrometer›: «mycrómiter» (a measuring device; or «mycromeeter» for the
millionth part of a meter)
* ‹prayer›: «prair» (or «prayer» for a person who prays)
* ‹read›: «reed» (or «red» for the past tense)
* ‹routed, router, routing›: «ruuted, ruuter, ruuting» (if derived from
«ruut» ‹route›; or «routed, router, routing» if derived from «rout»)
* ‹subsequence›: «subsiquenss» (for some subsequent occurrence; or
«súbseequenss» for a sequence derived from another sequence)
* ‹taxis›: «taxies» (multiple taxis, or taxicabs; or «taxiss», a scientific
term)
* ‹tier›: «teer» (or «tyer» for a person who ties)
## Other Documentation
**docs/lytspel-on-two-pages.md|odt|pdf**: A compact, two-page description
of the most important rules. The PDF is exported from the ODT
(OpenDocument/LibreOffice) document, while the Markdown (md) version is
maintained independently.
**LICENSE.txt** contains the license used for the Lytspel program suite (a
permissive license known as "ISC license"). The proposed spellings do not
fall under copyright (you cannot copyright a single word, let alone a way
to spell it) and may be considered a part of the public domain.
**CHANGELOG.md** contains a compact list of the changes made between the
various released versions of the program (and dictionary).
If you want to install and use the program locally (rather then using the
web frontend), see **INSTALL-USE.md**.
If you want to experiment with the program suite locally, in order to add
some functionality, fix bugs, or modify spellings, see **devnotes.md**.
**files.md** quickly describes the various files in the Lytspel repository.
This too is mostly interesting if you want to modify the dictionary or some
of the programs used to generate it.
Raw data
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"description": "# Lytspel, a Simple Phonetic Respelling for the English Language\n\nThe idea: Spelling should be fun, not a burden. The traditional English\nspelling system is afflicted with exceptions and conflicting rules, making\nwriting and reading texts unnecessarily hard.\n\nLytspel is a proposal for reforming the English spelling in order to make\nit strictly follow the alphabetic principle. The alphabetic principle means\nthat there is a predictable relationship between written letters and spoken\nsounds. When you see a written word, you know how to pronounce it (even if\nyou don't know the word itself), and vice versa.\n\nTraditional English spelling (tradspell) deviates from the alphabetic\nprinciple in many ways. The mapping between written and spoken words is\nvery complex and riddled with irregularities and exceptions. Lytspel (for\n\u00ablytwait speling\u00bb or \u2039lightweight spelling\u203a) is a proposal to change this,\nwhile keeping as much visual similarity to tradspell as reasonably\npossible.\n\nLytspel not only creates an unambiguous mapping between the sounds used in\nEnglish and their written representations, it also indicates which syllable\nin each word is the stressed one.\n\nIn addition to the reform proposal, there is a comprehensive dictionary and\na [converter](https://www.lytspel.org/) that translates traditional\nspelling into Lytspel.\n\nHere are two example paragraphs written in Lytspel. The first is [The North\nWind and the\nSun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_North_Wind_and_the_Sun), one of\nAesop's fables that's frequently used as an example in phonetics, while the\nsecond is made up of two nonsense sentences that contain most of the sounds\nof English.\n\n> The North Wind and the Sun wur dispueting which wos the strongger, when a\n> traveler caim along rapd in a worm cloak. Thay agreed that the wun hu\n> furst suxeeded in maiking the traveler taik his cloak of shood bee\n> cons\u00edderd strongger than the uther. Then the North Wind blu as hard as hi\n> cood, but the mor hi blu the mor cloassli did the traveler foald his\n> cloak eround him; and at last the North Wind gaiv up the atempt. Then the\n> Sun shynd out wormli, and imeediatli the traveler took of his cloak. And\n> so the North Wind wos oblyjd tu conf\u00e9ss that the Sun wos the strongger ov\n> the tuu.\n>\n> That quik baizh fox jumpd in the air oaver eech thin dog under a caam\n> autum muun. Look out, y shout, for hi's foild ue yet agen, cri\u00e1iting\n> cayoss.\n\nHere are the same paragraphs written in tradspell. Lytspel might look a\nbit unusual at first, but should be easy to get used too. Just try reading\nit out aloud and you'll soon get the hang of it.\n\n> The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a\n> traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who\n> first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be\n> considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as\n> he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his\n> cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then\n> the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his\n> cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the\n> stronger of the two.\n>\n> That quick beige fox jumped in the air over each thin dog under a calm\n> autumn moon. Look out, I shout, for he's foiled you yet again, creating\n> chaos.\n\n\n## The Rules of Lytspel\n\nThe following formatting conventions are used in this document:\n\n* \u00abdouble guillemets\u00bb for Lytspel (and spellings that haven't changed)\n* \u2039single guillemets\u203a for traditional spellings\n* /slashes/ for phonetics, written in the\n [SAMPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMPA_chart_for_English) alphabet\n (with some slight modifications to make it more suitable for English)\n\nAbbreviations used:\n\n* RP: [Received\n Pronunciation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation), the\n standard form of English spoken in the United Kingdom, especially in\n England and Wales\n* GA: [General American](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_American),\n English as typically spoken in the United States\n\n\n### Consonants\n\nThe consonants are written as follows:\n\n* \u00abb\u00bb /b/ as in \u00abbed\u00bb\n* \u00abch\u00bb /tS/ as in \u00abmuch\u00bb\n* \u00abd\u00bb /d/ as in \u00abdesk\u00bb\n* \u00abf\u00bb /f/ as in \u00abfat\u00bb\n* \u00abg\u00bb /g/ as in \u00abbig, garden, gess\u00bb \u2039...guess\u203a\n* \u00abh\u00bb /h/ as in \u00abhot\u00bb\n* \u00abj\u00bb /dZ/ as in \u00abjoy, d\u00edjit\u00bb \u2039...digit\u203a\n* \u00abl\u00bb /l/ as in \u00ableg\u00bb\n* \u00abm\u00bb /m/ as in \u00abmad\u00bb\n* \u00abn\u00bb /n/ as in \u00abnow\u00bb\n* \u00abng\u00bb /N/ as in \u00ablong\u00bb\n* \u00abp\u00bb /p/ as in \u00abpop\u00bb\n* \u00abr\u00bb /r/ as in \u00abrun\u00bb\n* \u00absh\u00bb /S/ as in \u00abship\u00bb\n* \u00abt\u00bb /t/ as in \u00abtest\u00bb\n* \u00abv\u00bb /v/ as in \u00abever\u00bb\n* \u00abw\u00bb /w/ as in \u00abwest\u00bb\n* \u00abwh\u00bb /hw/ as in \u00abwhen\u00bb. Many people speak \u00abw\u00bb and \u00abwh\u00bb [the same\n way](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8wh%E2%9F%A9#Wine.E2.80.93whine_merger),\n but not everybody does, and Lytspel preserves the distinction.\n* \u00aby\u00bb /j/ as in \u00abyet\u00bb\n* \u00abzh\u00bb /Z/ as in \u00abmiraazh\u00bb \u2039mirage\u203a\n\nThe sound /k/ is written as \u00abc\u00bb or \u00abk\u00bb, depending on context:\n\n* \u00abk\u00bb is used before \u00abe, i, y\u00bb, e.g. \u00abkeep, king, kynd, calcuelaition\u00bb\n \u2039...kind, calculation\u203a\n* \u00abk\u00bb is also used before \u00abh\u00bb to prevent confusion with the digraph \u00abch\u00bb\n /tS/, e.g. \u00ablunkhed\u00bb \u2039lunkhead\u203a\n* \u00abc\u00bb is used before any other letter, e.g. \u00abcat, cost, crisp\u00bb\n* \u00abc\u00bb is also used at the end of words ending in unstressed /ak/ or /Ik/,\n e.g. \u00abmainiac, majic, public\u00bb \u2039maniac, magic...\u203a\n* \u00abk\u00bb is used at the end of other words ending in /k/, e.g. \u00abbook, drink,\n quik, speek, naimsaik\u00bb \u2039...quick, speak, namesake\u203a\n\nThe sound /s/ is written as \u00abc\u00bb, \u00abs\u00bb, or \u00abss\u00bb, depending on context:\n\n* \u00abc\u00bb is used between any vowel and a vowel starting with \u00abe, i, y\u00bb, e.g.\n \u00abdeecent, ixplicit, nececerri, dicyd\u00bb \u2039decent, explicit, necessary,\n decide\u203a\n* \u00abss\u00bb is used between any vowel and a vowel starting with \u00aba, o, u\u00bb, e.g.\n \u00abassault, \u00e9pissoad, assumption\u00bb \u2039assault, episode, assumption\u203a\n* \u00abss\u00bb is also used at the end of words except after any of the consonants\n /f, k, p, t, T/, e.g. \u00abless, miss, \u00e9videnss\u00bb \u2039...evidence\u203a\n* \u00abs\u00bb is used anywhere else, e.g. \u00absun, desk, chips, upsets\u00bb\n* \u00abs\u00bb is also used in the prefixes \u00abdis, mis, sis\u00bb \u2039...cis\u203a regardless of\n which letter follows, e.g. \u00abdisagree, disenchantment, misinturprit,\n misunderstand\u00bb \u2039disagree, disenchantment, misinterpret, misunderstand\u203a\n\nThe sound /z/ is written as \u00abs\u00bb or \u00abz\u00bb, depending on context:\n\n* \u00abs\u00bb is used between two vowels, e.g. \u00abvisit, eesi, dusen, disyr, bisar,\n risult\u00bb \u2039...easy, dozen, desire, bizarre, result\u203a\n* \u00abs\u00bb is also used at the end of words except after any of the consonants\n /f, k, p, t, T/, e.g. \u00abhis, wishes, meens, paus, quis\u00bb \u2039...means, pause,\n quiz\u203a\n* \u00abz\u00bb is used anywhere else, e.g. \u00abzeero, igzact, obzurv\u00bb \u2039zero, exact,\n observe\u203a\n\nThe two sounds traditionally written \u2039th\u203a are represented as follows:\n\n* Voiceless /T/ is always written \u00abth\u00bb, e.g. \u00abthin\u00bb\n* Voiced /D/ is usually \u00abdh\u00bb, e.g. \u00absmuudh, wurdhi\u00bb \u2039smooth, worthy\u203a\n* However, it remains \u00abth\u00bb in the frequent words \u00abaulth\u00f3, tho, than, the,\n then, thay, them, thair, thiss, that, thuss\u00bb \u2039although, though, than,\n the, then, they, them, their *or* there, this, that, thus\u203a as well as in\n all words ending in /D@`/, such as \u00abanuther, bother, muther, whether\u00bb\n \u2039another, bother, mother, whether\u203a\n* This spelling is preserved in derivatives of all these words, such as\n \u00abneverthel\u00e9ss, nunthel\u00e9ss\u00bb \u2039nevertheless, nonetheless\u203a from \u00abthe\u00bb,\n \u00abthemselvs\u00bb \u2039themselves\u203a from \u00abthem\u00bb, \u00abthairs, thairby, thairfor\u00bb\n \u2039theirs, thereby, therefore\u203a from \u00abthair\u00bb, \u00abthees\u00bb \u2039these\u203a from \u00abthiss\u00bb,\n \u00abthoas\u00bb \u2039those\u203a from \u00abthat\u00bb, \u00abutherwys\u00bb \u2039otherwise\u203a from \u00abuther\u00bb \u2039other\u203a.\n The adjectives \u00abfarthest, furthest\u00bb are considered derivatives of\n \u00abfarther, further\u00bb and thus also written with \u00abth\u00bb.\n* To distinguish them, the small number of words ending in /T@`/ is written\n with \u00abthur\u00bb: \u00abArthur, authur, eethur, panthur\u00bb \u2039Arthur, author,\n ether/aether, panther\u203a. Since no English words end in /T3:/, this\n spelling is unambiguous.\n\n\n### Vowels\n\nThe short vowels are written as follows:\n\n* \u00aba\u00bb /a/ as in \u00abcat\u00bb\n* \u00abe\u00bb /E/ as in \u00abpen\u00bb\n* \u00abi\u00bb /I/ as in \u00abbig\u00bb\n* \u00abo\u00bb /Q/ as in \u00abdog\u00bb\n* \u00aboo\u00bb /U/ as in \u00abbook\u00bb\n* \u00abu\u00bb /V/ as in \u00abclub\u00bb\n\nIf the vowels written with just one letter occur at the end of words, \u00abh\u00bb\nis appended, e.g. \u00abYaaweh, eh, huh\u00bb \u2039Yahweh...\u203a.\n\nThe long vowels and diphthongs are written as follows:\n\n* \u00abaa\u00bb /A/ as in \u00abpaam, faather\u00bb \u2039palm, father\u203a.\n\n* \u00abai\u00bb /eI/ as in \u00abaim, saint, faiss\u00bb \u2039...face\u203a. Written \u00abay\u00bb if it occurs\n at the end of words or before another vowel, e.g. \u00abplay, h\u00f3liday, layer,\n cayoss\u00bb \u2039...holiday, layer, chaos\u203a.\n\n* \u00abau\u00bb /O:/ as in \u00abautum, paus\u00bb \u2039autumn, pause\u203a. Written \u00abaw\u00bb if it occurs\n at the end of words or before another vowel, e.g. \u00ablaw, drawing\u00bb.\n\n* \u00abee\u00bb /i:/ as in \u00abtree, teem\u00bb \u2039...team\u203a. Written \u00abi\u00bb if it occurs\n unstressed at the end of words or before another vowel, e.g. \u00abfansi,\n nececiti, vidio, criaition\u00bb \u2039fancy, necessity, video, creation\u203a. This\n means that Lytspel cannot distinguish between unstressed /i:/ and\n unstressed /I/ (as in \u00abbig\u00bb) in these positions, but that shouldn't hurt,\n as /I/ is rarely used in these positions and dictionaries often disagree\n on which of these sounds to use anyway.\n\n \u00abi\u00bb is also used at the end of personal pronouns ending in /i:/ (as\n these are often less stressed than other words in a sentence): \u00abhi,\n shi, wi, mi\u00bb \u2039he, she, we, me\u203a. And it's used at the end of prefixes\n such as \u00abanti, semi\u00bb (spoken with /i:/ by many speakers, with /aI/ by\n others) as well as \u00abdi, pri, ri\u00bb \u2039de, pre, re\u203a (even if the prefix is\n stressed), e.g. \u00abantisoashel; semifynel, semiautematic; digraid;\n primach\u00f3or, prirequisit; riact, riproduess\u00bb \u2039antisocial; semifinal,\n semiautomatic; degrade; premature, prerequisite; react, reproduce\u203a.\n\n* \u00aboa\u00bb /oU/ as in \u00abboat, hoam\u00bb \u2039...home\u203a. Written \u00abo\u00bb if it occurs at the\n end of words or before another vowel, e.g. \u00abzeero, co\u00f3perait, sho,\n poetic\u00bb \u2039zero, cooperate, show...\u203a. This poses little risk of confusion,\n as /Q/ (as in \u00abdog\u00bb) occurs rarely or never before other vowels.\n\n \u00abo\u00bb is also used at the end of prefixes such as \u00abbiyo, ethno, fyto,\n hetero, imueno, jio, keemo, macro, mycro, nio, nuero, palio, suudo,\n thurmo\u00bb \u2039bio, ethno, phyto, hetero, immuno, geo, chemo, macro, micro,\n neo, neuro, paleo, pseudo, thermo\u203a, e.g. \u00abbiyokemistri, ethnosentric,\n heterosecshual, imuenodifishenssi, jiofisicl, keemotherrepi, mycrowaiv,\n nioclassic, nuerosurjeri, suudosiyenss, thurmodynamics\u00bb \u2039biochemistry,\n ethnocentric, heterosexual, immunodeficiency, geophysical,\n chemotherapy, microwave, neoclassic, neurosurgery, pseudoscience,\n thermodynamics\u203a.\n\n* \u00aboi\u00bb /OI/ as in \u00aboil, point, avoid\u00bb. Written \u00aboy\u00bb if it occurs at the end\n of words or before another vowel, e.g. \u00abboy, enjoy, royel\u00bb \u2039...royal\u203a.\n\n* \u00abou\u00bb /aU/ as in \u00abmouth, doun\u00bb \u2039...down\u203a. Written \u00abow\u00bb if it occurs at the\n end of words or before another vowel, e.g. \u00abnow, power, alow\u00bb \u2039...allow\u203a.\n\n* \u00abuu\u00bb /u:/ as in \u00abmuun, ixcluud, gruup\u00bb \u2039moon, exclude, group\u203a. Written\n \u00abu\u00bb if it occurs at the end of words or before another vowel, e.g. \u00abclu,\n \u00edshu, sichuaition\u00bb \u2039clue, issue, situation\u203a. This poses little risk of\n confusion, as /V/ (as in \u00abbus\u00bb) occurs rarely or never before other\n vowels.\n\n* \u00abue\u00bb (/yU/ or /ju:/) as in \u00abv\u00e1lue, cuet, compueter, m\u00f3duelait\u00bb \u2039value,\n cute, computer, modulate\u203a. This spelling is also used in words that are\n typically spoken with /yU/ or /ju:/ in RP, with /u:/ or /U/ in GA, e.g.\n \u00abdue, nuetrel, tuen\u00bb \u2039...neutral, tune\u203a.\n\n* \u00aby\u00bb /aI/ as in \u00abpryss, styl, dry\u00bb \u2039price, style...\u203a. Written \u00abiy\u00bb if it\n occurs before another vowel (e.g. \u00abdiy\u00e1miter, quiyet, viyelenss, iyern\u00bb\n \u2039diameter, quiet, violence, iron\u203a) or at the end of words after another\n vowel (e.g. \u00abraidiiy\u00bb \u2039radii\u203a), to prevent confusion with the consonant\n \u00aby\u00bb /j/ (as in \u00abyet\u00bb).\n\n\n### The Schwa\n\nThe schwa is an unstressed and neutral vowel that occurs frequently in\nEnglish words. Lytspel generally writes it as \u00abe\u00bb or \u00abu\u00bb. \u00abu\u00bb is used\nwhenever the traditional spelling contains this vowel, e.g. \u00ab\u00e1lbum,\nnurvuss, susp\u00e9nd\u00bb \u2039album, nervous, suspend\u203a. \u00abe\u00bb is used otherwise, e.g.\n\u00abcamel, problem, hiden, sentrel\u00bb \u2039...hidden, central\u203a.\n\nThis means that Lytspel doesn't distinguish between unstressed /V/ as in\n\u00abfundem\u00e9ntel\u00bb \u2039fundamental\u203a or /E/ as in \u00ab\u00edndex\u00bb and the schwa /@/.\nHowever, since the unstressed forms of these vowels sound quite similar to\nthe schwa and there is often no agreement between speakers whether to use\none or the other, this shouldn't hurt.\n\nA schwa immediately preceding the primarily stressed syllable can also be\nrepresented by one of the other three vowel letters (\u00aba, i, o\u00bb, but not\n\u00aby\u00bb), e.g. \u00aba\u00bb in \u00ababout\u00bb, \u00abi\u00bb in \u00abimajinaition\u00bb \u2039imagination\u203a, \u00abo\u00bb in\n\u00abcompuet\u00bb \u2039compute\u203a. The reason for this is that the vowel preceding the\nstressed syllable is often spoken so quickly that it's hard to decide\nwhether a schwa or one of the short vowels is pronounced and not all\nspeakers will agree on which one to use. For clarity, it's therefore better\nto stick with the original representation of the vowel in such cases, even\nif most speakers might reduce it to a schwa. Additionally, the reduced\nvowel often becomes clearly audible in related words, e.g. while the second\n\u00abi\u00bb in \u00abimajinaition\u00bb is often reduced to a schwa, in \u00abimajin\u00bb \u2039imagine\u203a\nit's clearly audible as /I/.\n\nAt the end of words, the schwa is always written \u00aba\u00bb, e.g. \u00abextra, daita\u00bb\n\u2039... data\u203a. Before other vowels, it is always spelled \u00abe\u00bb (never \u00abu\u00bb) to\nprevent confusion with /u:/ (spelled \u00abu\u00bb in this position). Schwa in this\nposition is very rare.\n\nBetween any of /b, p, k/ and word-final /l/, the schwa is omitted\naltogether, e.g. \u00abflexebl, simpl, articl\u00bb \u2039flexible, simple, article\u203a.\nLikewise, final /z@m/ is written \u00absm\u00bb with the schwa omitted, e.g.\n\u00abcriticism, sarcasm\u00bb. (Why \u00absm\u00bb instead of \"zm\", you might ask? Because\nthis combination would be written \u00absem\u00bb if the schwa were not omitted --\nsee the notes on spelling /z/ above.)\n\nSince all these consonant pairs never occur *without* an intervening vowel\nat the end of words, there is no risk of confusion.\n\n\n### Vowel Spellings before R\n\nBefore \u00abr\u00bb, the short vowels are spelled as follows:\n\n* \u00abarr\u00bb /ar/ as in \u00abcarri, embarress\u00bb \u2039carry, embarrass\u203a\n* \u00abir\u00bb /Ir/ as in \u00abmirer, \u00edritait\u00bb \u2039mirror, irritate\u203a\n* \u00aber\u00bb /@`/ as in \u00abnumber, modern\u00bb (r-colored schwa). Note: In RP and other\n [non-rhotic accents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English),\n this usually sounds like a normal schwa; likewise, \u00abr\u00bb after other vowels\n is often inaudible or reduced to a schwa.\n* \u00aberr\u00bb /Er/ as in \u00abmerri, errer\u00bb \u2039merry, error\u203a\n* \u00aboor\u00bb /Ur/ as in \u00abpoor, toor, inshoorenss\u00bb \u2039...tour, insurance\u203a\n* \u00aborr\u00bb /Qr/ as in \u00absorri, tom\u00f3rro\u00bb \u2039sorry, tomorrow\u203a. Note: Most GA\n speakers pronounce this in the same way as the \u00abor\u00bb /O:r/ in \u00abnorth\u00bb, but\n the two sounds are distinguished in RP.\n* \u00aburr\u00bb /Vr/ as in \u00abhurri, current\u00bb \u2039hurry...\u203a\n\nThe long vowels are spelled thus:\n\n* \u00abair\u00bb /e@/ as in \u00abpair, shair, vairiaition\u00bb \u2039...share, variation\u203a\n* \u00abar\u00bb /Ar/ as in \u00abdark, arguement\u00bb \u2039...argument\u203a\n* \u00abeer\u00bb /i@/ as in \u00abcheer, yeer\u00bb \u2039...year\u203a. Note: GA speakers often\n pronounce this in the same way as the \u00abir\u00bb /Ir/ in \u00abmirer\u00bb \u2039mirror\u203a\n ([mirror\u2013nearer\n merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/#Mirror%E2%80%93nearer_merger)).\n* \u00abor\u00bb /O:r/ as in \u00abnorth, order, port, ignor\u00bb \u2039...ignore\u203a. Note: Some\n speakers pronounce the vowel in \u00abnorth\u00bb differently from the one in\n \u00abport\u00bb, but most do not ([horse\u2013hoarse\n merger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_%2Fr%2F#Horse%E2%80%93hoarse_merger)),\n and Lytspel does not express this distinction.\n* \u00abour\u00bb /aUr/ as in \u00abflour, our\u00bb \u2039flour, our *or* hour\u203a\n* \u00abuer\u00bb (/ju:r/ or /jUr/) as in \u00abUerep, puer, obscuer\u00bb \u2039Europe, pure,\n obscure\u203a. This spelling is also used in words that are typically spoken\n with /ju:r/ or /jUr/ in RP, with /Ur/ in GA, e.g. \u00abduering, nuerel\u00bb\n \u2039during, neural\u203a.\n* \u00abur\u00bb /3:/ as in \u00abturn, furst, consurn, obzurvaition\u00bb \u2039...first, concern,\n observation\u203a. This sound only occurs before \u00abr\u00bb and can be considered a\n stronger (and often stressed) variant of the schwa.\n* \u00abyr\u00bb is spoken /aI@`/ at the end of words (e.g. \u00abfyr, inspyr\u00bb \u2039fire,\n inspire\u203a), /aIr/ elsewhere (e.g. \u00abvyruss, yreni, spyrel\u00bb \u2039virus, irony,\n spiral\u203a)\n\n\n### Spellings Involving Several Sounds\n\n* The vowel combination /i:@/ or /I@/ is written \u00abia\u00bb, e.g. \u00abmisteeriass,\n mateerial, meediam, \u00f3bviass, vairiabl, airia, imeediat\u00bb \u2039mysterious,\n material, medium, obvious, variable, area, immediate\u203a. If the second\n vowel is stressed, this combination represents /i:a/ instead (e.g.\n \u00abrialiti\u00bb \u2039reality\u203a), and in a few other words, it does so as well (e.g.\n \u00abenthuesiasm, zoadiac\u00bb \u2039enthusiasm, zodiac\u203a) -- this distinction is not\n represented in writing.\n* The r-colored vowel combination /i:@`/ is written \u00abier\u00bb, e.g. \u00abthieri\u00bb\n \u2039theory\u203a.\n* The vowel combination /oU@/ is written \u00aboe\u00bb, e.g. \u00abboe, coelition,\n yss\u00f3croess\u00bb \u2039boa, coalition, isochroous\u203a. If the second vowel is\n stressed, this combination represents /oUE/ instead (e.g. \u00abpoetic\u00bb), and\n in a few other words, it does so as well (e.g. \u00abfloem\u00bb \u2039phloem\u203a) -- this\n distinction is not represented in writing.\n* The vowel combination /u:@/ or /U@/ is written \u00abua\u00bb, e.g. \u00ab\u00e1cchual,\n indivijual, \u00ednfluanss, soopurfluass, crual\u00bb \u2039actual, individual,\n influence, superfluous, cruel\u203a. If the second vowel is stressed, this\n combination represents /u:a/ instead (e.g. \u00absecshualiti\u00bb \u2039sexuality\u203a),\n and in a few other words, it does so as well (e.g. \u00abbivuac\u00bb \u2039bivouac\u203a) --\n this distinction is not represented in writing.\n* The consonant combination /kw/ is written \u00abqu\u00bb, e.g. \u00abquit, riquest\u00bb\n \u2039...request\u203a; the letter \u00abq\u00bb only occurs in this combination.\n* The consonant combination /ks/ is written \u00abx\u00bb, e.g. \u00abmix, next, ixplicit,\n \u00e1xident\u00bb \u2039...explicit, accident\u203a.\n* Generally, \u00abng\u00bb represents the single sound /N/ (as in \u00ablong\u00bb), but in\n words starting with any of \u00abcong, eng, ing\u00bb not followed by another \u00abg\u00bb\n or the end of the word, \u00abng\u00bb is usually pronounced /ng/ (e.g.\n \u00abcongr\u00e1tuelait, engaij, ingreediant\u00bb \u2039congratulate, engage, ingredient\u203a).\n Elsewhere, /ng/ is written \u00abnng\u00bb to distinguish it from /N/ (e.g.\n \u00abcairnngorm, martenngail\u00bb \u2039cairngorm, martingale\u203a).\n* Before /k/, \u00abn\u00bb is pronounced /N/ rather then /n/ (e.g. \u00abbank, tranquil,\n distinct, bronkytiss\u00bb \u2039...bronchitis\u203a), except if \u00abn\u00bb and /k/ belong to\n different parts of a compound (e.g. \u00abmankynd, raincoat\u00bb \u2039mankind...\u203a) or\n if a word starts with any of \u00abcon, en, in, non, un\u00bb followed by a /k/\n sound (e.g. \u00abconcluusion, encounter, incompitent, increess *or* \u00edncreess,\n nonconformist, uncleer\u00bb \u2039conclusion, encounter, incompetent, increase,\n nonconformist, unclear\u203a). However, in some such words, /Nk/ is pronounced\n by some speakers (e.g. \u00abconquest, \u00edncrement, c\u00f3ncreet, inquisition\u00bb\n \u2039...increment, concrete, inquisition\u203a) or by everyone (e.g. \u00abconker, ink,\n \u00edncling, uncl, unction\u00bb \u2039conker *or* conquer, ink, inkling, uncle,\n unction\u203a) -- this difference it not expressed in writing.\n* /n/ is written \u00abnn\u00bb if it occurs before /k/ in places where \u00abn\u00bb would be\n spoken /N/, e.g. \u00abcanncan, melenncoli, noamennclaicher\u00bb \u2039cancan,\n melancholy, nomenclature\u203a.\n\n\n### Spellings Used at the End of Words\n\nSome sound combinations are written in a special way if they occur at the\nend of words:\n\n* Final /O:l/ is written \u00aball\u00bb, e.g. \u00abball, install\u00bb. This spelling is\n preserved in derived words, e.g. \u00abwalls, calling, installment\u00bb.\n* Final /S@n/ is written \u00abtion\u00bb, e.g. \u00abrecognition, obzurvaition, section,\n permition, moation, oation, muesition\u00bb \u2039...observation, section,\n permission, motion, ocean, musician\u203a.\n* Final /Z@n/ is written \u00absion\u00bb, e.g. \u00abvision, confuesion, iquaision\u00bb\n \u2039...confusion, equation\u203a.\n* The \u00abtion\u00bb and \u00absion\u00bb spellings aren't used in words that are derived by\n appending \u00abn\u00bb or \u00aben\u00bb to another word, e.g. \u00abashen, freshen, Rushan,\n Melaneezhan\u00bb \u2039ashen, freshen, Russian, Melanesian\u203a from \u00abash, fresh,\n Rusha, Melaneezha\u00bb \u2039...Russia, Melanesia\u203a.\n* The \u00abtion\u00bb and \u00absion\u00bb spellings are preserved in derived words (e.g.\n \u00abrilaitionship, traditionel, ocaisionel\u00bb \u2039relationship, traditional,\n occasional\u203a), even if the derived form is irregular (e.g. \u00abnationel\u00bb\n \u2039national\u203a from \u00abnaition\u00bb \u2039nation\u203a).\n\n\n### Stress\n\nStress is marked using an acute accent in cases where it deviates from the\nstress pattern predicted by a set of fairly reliable rules. The use of\naccents is optional (they may be omitted), but recommended -- especially in\nformal contexts such as books and newspapers. In a few cases, two words are\ndistinguished only by the presence of absence of an accent, e.g. \u00abd\u00edscuss\u00bb\n\u2039discus\u203a versus \u00abdiscuss\u00bb.\n\nThe rules for predicting the default stress are as follows:\n\n* If a word has just one syllable, no accent (stress marker) is used or\n needed.\n* If a word ends in \u00abee\u00bb, this final vowel is stressed (because unstressed\n /i:/ would be written \u00abi\u00bb in this position) -- e.g. \u00abagree\u00bb.\n* If a word ends in \u00aba\u00bb (the schwa) or \u00abi\u00bb (unstressed /i:/) and has just\n two syllables, the first vowel is stressed (because the second is\n unstressed by definition) -- e.g. \u00abextra, hapi\u00bb \u2039...happy\u203a.\n* If a word ends in any of \u00abgrefi, leji, ic, icl, ics, iti, sion, tion\u00bb,\n the vowel preceding this ending is stressed, e.g. \u00abturminoleji,\n statistic, sicueriti, publicaition\u00bb \u2039terminology, statistic, security,\n publication\u203a.\n* Otherwise the first long vowel in the word is considered stressed, e.g.\n \u00abcompleet, confurm, enjineer, ixplain, prisuem, sufyss\u00bb \u2039complete,\n confirm, engineer, explain, presume, suffice\u203a. Generally, all vowels\n except for \u00aba, e, i, o, oo, u\u00bb and the schwa (as well as their r-colored\n variants) are considered long. However, with the exception of \u00aby\u00bb, if a\n long vowel is written with just one letter (because it precedes another\n vowel or the end of the word), it does not count for the purposes of this\n rule -- e.g. the \u00abi\u00bb in \u00ab\u00f3bviass\u00bb \u2039obvious\u203a and the \u00abo\u00bb in \u00abwindo\u00bb\n \u2039window\u203a do not count. If a word ends in any of \u00abait, y, ys, yt\u00bb, the\n long vowel in this ending also does not count for the purposes of this\n rule.\n* Otherwise, if a word starts with a short vowel or with \u00abdi\u00bb or \u00abri\u00bb, the\n second vowel is considered stressed, e.g. \u00abadopt, upon, difenss, riquest\u00bb\n \u2039adopt, upon, defense, request\u203a. If not, the first vowel is considered\n stressed, e.g. \u00abcurrent, quontiti\u00bb \u2039...quantity\u203a. But in either case, if\n the chosen vowel would be \u00aber\u00bb, the next vowel that is not \u00aber\u00bb is chosen\n instead (because \u00aber\u00bb is the r-colored schwa, which is never stressed) --\n e.g. \u00abinterject, perhaps\u00bb. If there is no such next vowel, the first\n vowel is considered stressed, e.g. \u00aberrer\u00bb \u2039error\u203a.\n\nIf these rules fail to correctly predict the stress, an acute accent is\nadded on top of the stressed vowel. If this vowel has two letters, the\naccent is added on top of the first one, e.g. \u00abmaint\u00e1in, uen\u00e9ek\u00bb \u2039maintain,\nunique\u203a.\n\n\n### Homophones and Irregular Words\n\n* The vowels in the articles \u00abthe, a, an\u00bb retain their traditional\n spelling.\n* \u00abey\u00bb \u2039eye\u203a is written irregularly to distinguish it from \u00aby\u00bb \u2039I\u203a and for\n easier recognition in compounds such as \u00abfishey\u00bb \u2039fisheye\u203a.\n* \u00abfour\u00bb is written irregularly to distinguish it from \u00abfor\u00bb \u2039for *or*\n fore\u203a.\n* \u00abnoa\u00bb \u2039know\u203a is written somewhat irregularly to distinguish it from \u00abno\u00bb.\n* \u00aboa\u00bb \u2039owe\u203a is written somewhat irregularly since a verb with just one\n letter could be confusing (and also to distinguish it from the\n interjection \u00abo\u00bb \u2039oh\u203a).\n* \u00abtuu\u00bb \u2039too *or* two\u203a is written somewhat irregularly to distinguish it\n from \u00abtu\u00bb \u2039to\u203a.\n\n\n### Rules for Derived and Related Words\n\n* In front of suffixes starting with \u00abe, i, y\u00bb, final \u00abc\u00bb is changed to\n \u00abk\u00bb, e.g. \u00abtrafiking\u00bb \u2039trafficking\u203a from \u00abtrafic\u00bb \u2039traffic\u203a.\n* Final \u00abc\u00bb remains unchanged in front of such suffixes if its\n pronunciation changes from /k/ to /s/, e.g. \u00abpublicist, publicys\u00bb\n \u2039...publicize\u203a from \u00abpublic\u00bb.\n* In front of suffixes consisting in a single consonant (\u00abd, n, s\u00bb), final\n \u00abi\u00bb (unstressed /i:/) becomes \u00abie\u00bb to mark it as long, e.g. \u00abstudied\u00bb\n from \u00abstudi\u00bb \u2039study\u203a, \u00abvairies\u00bb \u2039varies\u203a from \u00abvairi\u00bb \u2039vary\u203a. Otherwise\n forms such as \"studid\" would look like \u00absplendid\u00bb, but be spoken quite\n differently.\n* To prevent misreadings, final \u00abo\u00bb /oU/ is changed back to \u00aboa\u00bb and final\n \u00abu\u00bb /u:/ to \u00abuu\u00bb in front of the same suffixes, e.g. \u00abfoload\u00bb \u2039followed\u203a\n from \u00abfolo\u00bb \u2039follow\u203a, \u00abchuud\u00bb \u2039chewed\u203a from \u00abchu\u00bb \u2039chew\u203a, \u00abthroan\u00bb\n \u2039thrown\u203a from \u00abthro\u00bb \u2039throw\u203a, \u00abstruun\u00bb \u2039strewn\u203a from \u00abstru\u00bb \u2039strew\u203a,\n \u00abpotaitoas\u00bb \u2039potatoes\u203a from \u00abpotaito\u00bb \u2039potato\u203a, \u00abshuus\u00bb \u2039shoes\u203a from\n \u00abshu\u00bb \u2039shoe\u203a.\n* A schwa /@/ at the start of suffixes is written as \u00aba\u00bb if the base word\n ends in /i:/ or /u:/, e.g. \u00abeesiast\u00bb \u2039easiest\u203a from \u00abeesi\u00bb \u2039easy\u203a,\n \u00abvairiabl\u00bb \u2039variable\u203a from \u00abvairi\u00bb \u2039vary\u203a, \u00abduabl\u00bb \u2039doable\u203a from \u00abdu\u00bb\n \u2039do\u203a, \u00abagreeabl\u00bb \u2039agreeable\u203a from \u00abagree\u00bb \u2039agree\u203a. This ensures\n consistency with the combined spellings \u00abia\u00bb and \u00abua\u00bb used elsewhere (see\n above) and prevents confusion with \u00abie\u00bb in words such as \u00abstudied\u00bb. But\n note that r-colored schwa remains \u00aber\u00bb, e.g. \u00abeesier\u00bb \u2039easier\u203a.\n* As noted above, the schwa is omitted between a few consonants and final\n \u00abl\u00bb. To prevent misreadings, the omitted schwa is restored as \u00abe\u00bb in\n front of the suffixes \u00abait/et, erri, ism, ist, oid, uss, ys\u00bb \u2039ate,\n ary..., ous, ise/ize\u203a as well as before stressed \u00abee\u00bb, e.g. \u00abpuepelerri\u00bb\n \u2039pupillary\u203a from \u00abpuepl\u00bb \u2039pupil\u203a, \u00abvoakelist\u00bb \u2039vocalist\u203a from \u00abvoacl\u00bb\n \u2039vocal\u203a, \u00ablybeluss\u00bb \u2039libelous\u203a and \u00ablybelee\u00bb \u2039libelee\u203a from \u00ablybl\u00bb\n \u2039libel\u203a. The obvious exception are derived words where no schwa is\n spoken, e.g. \u00absyclys\u00bb \u2039cyclize\u203a from \u00absycl\u00bb \u2039cycle\u203a, \u00absimplism\u00bb from\n \u00absimpl\u00bb \u2039simple\u203a.\n* Otherwise, end-of-word spellings are preserved in all derived forms as\n long as the base word doesn't change (except for possible shifts of\n stress), e.g.\n\n * \u00abc\u00bb representing /k/: \u00abpublicli, publicaition\u00bb \u2039publicly, publication\u203a\n from \u00abpublic\u00bb; \u00abmecanics, mecanicl\u00bb \u2039mechanics, mechanical\u203a from\n \u00abmecanic\u00bb \u2039mechanic\u203a\n * \u00abk\u00bb representing /k/: \u00abweeks, weekli\u00bb \u2039...weekly\u203a from \u00abweek\u00bb\n * \u00abss\u00bb representing /s/: \u00abclassic\u00bb from \u00abclass\u00bb; \u00abconv\u00ednssd, conv\u00ednssing\u00bb\n \u2039convinced, convincing\u203a from \u00abconv\u00ednss\u00bb \u2039convince\u203a; \u00abanounssment\u00bb\n \u2039announcement\u203a from \u00abanounss\u00bb \u2039announce\u203a; \u00abprinssess\u00bb \u2039princess\u203a from\n \u00abprinss\u00bb \u2039prince\u203a\n * \u00aba\u00bb representing /@/: \u00abextras\u00bb from \u00abextra\u00bb, \u00abAmerrican\u00bb \u2039American\u203a\n from \u00abAmerrica\u00bb \u2039America\u203a\n * \u00abaw\u00bb representing /O:/: \u00abdraws, drawn, drawing\u00bb from \u00abdraw\u00bb\n * \u00abi\u00bb representing unstressed /i:/: \u00abfansiful, fansiing\u00bb \u2039fanciful,\n fancying\u203a from \u00abfansi\u00bb \u2039fancy\u203a; \u00abhapiness\u00bb \u2039happiness\u203a from \u00abhapi\u00bb\n \u2039happy\u203a\n * \u00aboy\u00bb representing /OI/: \u00abdistroys, distroyd, distroyer\u00bb \u2039destroys,\n destroyed, destroyer\u203a from \u00abdistroy\u00bb \u2039destroy\u203a\n * \u00aby\u00bb representing /aI/ (unchanged even before vowels): \u00abhyer\u00bb \u2039higher\u203a\n from \u00abhy\u00bb \u2039high\u203a; \u00absupl\u00fder\u00bb \u2039supplier\u203a from \u00absupl\u00fd\u00bb \u2039supply\u203a\n * \u00abyr\u00bb representing /aI@`/: \u00abinspyrd\u00bb \u2039inspired\u203a from \u00abinspyr\u00bb \u2039inspire\u203a\n\n* They are also preserved in compounds, e.g. \u00abbakground, extraterestrial,\n fyrwurks\u00bb \u2039background, extraterrestrial, fireworks\u203a.\n* If the pronunciation of the base word itself changes (beyond mere shifts\n of stress), the spelling reflects this, e.g. \u00abcreecher\u00bb \u2039creature\u203a from\n \u00abcri\u00e1it\u00bb \u2039create\u203a; \u00abdiscution\u00bb \u2039discussion\u203a from \u00abdiscuss\u00bb; \u00abconcluusion\u00bb\n \u2039conclusion\u203a from \u00abconcluud\u00bb \u2039conclude\u203a; \u00ab\u00e1cchual\u00bb \u2039actual\u203a from \u00abact\u00bb;\n \u00abassumption\u00bb from \u00abassuum\u00bb \u2039assume\u203a; \u00abmentaliti\u00bb \u2039mentality\u203a from\n \u00abmentel\u00bb \u2039mental\u203a.\n* The past tense of regular verbs is formed by appending \u00abed\u00bb if /@d/ is\n spoken (e.g. \u00absil\u00e9cted, waisted\u00bb \u2039selected, wasted\u203a), \u00abd\u00bb if /d/ or /t/\n is spoken (e.g. \u00abriveeld, cons\u00edderd, payd, fixd, conv\u00ednss\u00bb \u2039revealed,\n considered, paid, fixed, convinced\u203a). The past tense of irregular verbs\n is spelled as it's spoken, e.g. \u00abkept\u00bb from \u00abkeep\u00bb.\n* While in tradspell a noun and a related verb are often written the same\n even if spoken differently, in Lytspel the spelling reflects the actual\n pronunciation, e.g. \u00aba suspect, tu susp\u00e9ct; a r\u00e9cord, tu ricord; a houss,\n tu hous\u00bb \u2039a suspect, to suspect; a record, to record; a house, to house\u203a.\n* Normally Lytspel doesn't use double consonants, except in those cases\n where a double consonant is spoken differently than a single one (e.g.\n \u00abss\u00bb spoken /s/ in certain contexts where \u00abs\u00bb is spoken /z/). However,\n double consonants can also occur if they belong to different parts of a\n compound or if one belongs to a prefix or suffix and the other to the\n base word, e.g. \u00abtoatelli, suuperreejenel, unnececerri\u00bb \u2039totally,\n superregional, unnecessary\u203a.\n* Unstressed final /Iks/ traditionally written \u2039ics\u203a is treated as if it is\n a plural (and hence written \u00abics\u00bb) even if the corresponding singular\n form (ending in /Ik/) is unknown or rarely used, e.g. \u00abastrofisics,\n diyanetics\u00bb \u2039astrophysics, dianetics\u203a. This is for consistency with the\n many cases where \u00abics\u00bb indeed marks a plural or quasi-plural, e.g.\n \u00abilectronics\u00bb \u2039electronics\u203a from \u00abilectronic\u00bb \u2039electronic\u203a.\n* For consistency with forms derived by appending \u00abli\u00bb \u2039ly\u203a to words ending\n in \u00abcl\u00bb \u2039cal\u203a (e.g. \u00abpracticlli\u00bb \u2039practically\u203a from \u00abpracticl\u00bb\n \u2039practical\u203a), all forms derived by appending \u2039ally\u203a (pronounced /@li:/ or\n /li:/) to words ending in \u00abc\u00ab are written \u00abclli\u00bb, e.g. \u00abbaissiclli\u00bb\n \u2039basically\u203a from \u00abbaissic\u00bb \u2039basic\u203a, \u00abspecificlli\u00bb \u2039specifically\u203a from\n \u00abspecific\u00bb.\n\nStress marking in derived words:\n\n* If a word is formed by joining two words into one, no accent is added or\n removed (e.g. \u00ablyftym\u00bb \u2039lifetime\u203a from \u00ablyf\u00bb + \u00abtym\u00bb, \u00ab\u00e9lboruum\u00bb\n \u2039elbowroom\u203a from \u00ab\u00e9lbo\u00bb + \u00abruum\u00bb). Suffixed forms likewise don't add or\n remove accents, except when the stressed syllable shifts, e.g.\n \u00abixperrim\u00e9ntel\u00bb \u2039experimental\u203a from \u00abixperriment\u00bb, \u00abueniv\u00farssel\u00bb\n \u2039universal\u203a from \u00abuenivurss\u00bb \u2039universe\u203a.\n* If a prefix is added in front of a word, no accent is added or removed if\n the prefix has two or more syllables, e.g. \u00abantisoashel, oaverpryss\u00bb\n \u2039antisocial, overprice\u203a. In such cases -- just as in the case of\n compounds formed of two separate words -- usually both parts carry a\n certain amount of stress, so it's hardly necessary to indicate which has\n more.\n* If a prefix has just one syllable, on the other hand, usually either it\n or the main word is audibly stressed -- more often than not the latter.\n If that is the case, no accent is added or removed, e.g. \u00abriact,\n unlimited\u00bb \u2039react...\u203a. But if it's the prefix that is stressed, it is\n marked with an (acute) accent and any accents from the main word are\n removed, e.g. \u00abn\u00f3nsenss, pr\u00edvue\u00bb \u2039nonsense, preview\u203a.\n\n\n### Disambiguating Multigraphs\n\n**Note:** This section is of interest mainly to dictionary makers. Users\nonly need to know that they should add a diaeresis if a vowel sequence\ncould otherwise be misread, e.g. \u00abco\u00f6peraition\u00bb \u2039cooperation\u203a (pronounced\nwith two adjacent vowel sounds, not one as in \u00abbook\u00bb). If a consonant\nsequence could be misread, a hyphen may be added, e.g. \u00absheeps-hed\u00bb\n\u2039sheepshead\u203a (could otherwise be read as \u00absheep-shed\u00bb).\n\n* Spellings involving digraphs (such as \u00abch, sh, ss, ai, oa, oy, ur\u00bb) and\n trigraphs (such as \u00abarr, eer\u00bb) are generally read from left to right: the\n first letter sequence that *can* be read as a multigraph *should* be read\n as such; e.g. \u00abdueel\u00bb \u2039dual *or* duel\u203a is read as \u00abd-ue-e-l\u00bb (/dj'u:@l/\n or /d'u:@l/), \u00ablayer\u00bb is read as \u00abl-ay-er\u00bb (/l'eI@`/).\n* But if any of \u00abi, o, u\u00bb is followed by \u00abaa\u00bb or \u00abai\u00bb, the first vowel is\n read separately from the rest of the sequence, e.g. \u00abcoaala, apreeshiait,\n oaiciss, sichuaition\u00bb \u2039koala, appreciate, oasis, situation\u203a. The rare\n sequences \u00abiay\u00ab and \u00abuay\u00bb are read the same way, e.g. \u00abd\u00f3ciay\u00bb \u2039dossier\u203a.\n* Since final /OI/ is spelled \u00aboy\u00bb, final \u00aboi\u00bb unambiguously represents the\n two vowels /oUi:/. Except for a handful of words (e.g. \u00abjoi\u00bb \u2039joey\u203a),\n this combination occurs mostly in derived words, (e.g. \u00abshoi\u00bb \u2039showy\u203a\n from \u00absho\u00bb \u2039show\u203a).\n* \u00aboic\u00bb at the end of words is always spoken /oUIk/ (two separate vowels),\n e.g. \u00abhiroic, stoic\u00bb \u2039heroic...\u203a.\n* Double \u00abrr\u00bb always forms a trigraph with the vowel to its left, e.g.\n \u00abFebruerri\u00bb \u2039February\u203a is read as \u00abF-e-b-r-u-err-i\u00bb.\n* In cases where the previous rules would lead to a misreading, Lytspel\n recommends adding a diaeresis on top of the first vowel that would\n otherwise be misinterpreted, e.g. \u00abco\u00f6peraition, po\u00eft, su\u00ebr\u00bb\n \u2039cooperation, poet, sewer\u203a. The recommended way to avoid a possible\n misreading in a consonant sequence is the insertion of a hyphen, e.g.\n \u00absheeps-hed\u00bb \u2039sheepshead\u203a. Note that if a word begins with \u00abadh\u00bb (e.g.\n \u00abadheer\u00bb \u2039adhere\u203a), the consonants are always read as /dh/ (two\n consonants), not as a single /D/, therefore no hyphen is needed in such\n cases.\n* If \u00aby\u00bb or \u00abw\u00bb occurs between two vowels, it is in very rare cases useful\n to add a hyphen before this letter to make it clear that it is read\n standalone (as a consonant) instead of as second part of one of the long\n vowels \u00abay, oy, uy, aw, ow\u00bb, e.g. \u00abMa-yorca, sooki-yaaki, Ha-wiyi\u00bb\n \u2039Majorca, sukiyaki, Hawaii\u203a. In words starting with \u00abaw\u00ab followed by a\n vowel (e.g. \u00abawaik\u00bb \u2039awake\u203a) this is not necessary, as they are always\n read as \u00aba-w\u00bb (two sounds) rather than \u00abaw\u00bb (one sound).\n* If preferred, a hyphen instead of a diaeresis can also be used in the\n case of vowel sequences, e.g. \u00abco-operaition, po-it\u00bb.\n* Diaereses are generally not inserted between a base word and a suffix,\n e.g. \u00abtruer\u00bb from \u00abtru\u00bb \u2039true\u203a.\n* After a prefix or the first part of a compound, a diaeresis is only\n inserted if the last letter of the first part and the first letter of the\n second part would otherwise form one of the combinations \u00aboa, oi, oo, ou\u00bb\n (each of which represents a single vowel), e.g. \u00abthro\u00e4way, co\u00efgzist,\n blo\u00f6ut\u00bb \u2039throwaway, coexist, blowout\u203a. In other cases, no diaereses or\n hyphens are inserted, e.g. \u00abshorthand\u00bb.\n* Writers may, of course, insert a diaeresis or hyphen between the parts of\n an affixed or compound word whenever they consider such a visual\n separator helpful to prevent misreadings or confusion.\n\n\n### Spelling of Proper Nouns\n\n* Proper nouns that are in widespread and general use should preferably be\n respelled, e.g. \u00abLunden, Juupiter, Micic\u00edpi\u00bb \u2039London, Jupiter,\n Mississippi\u203a. This might also apply to the names of well-known dead\n persons, e.g. \u00abWilyem Shaixpeer, Juulyuss Seeser\u00bb \u2039William Shakespeare,\n Julius Caesar\u203a.\n* Personal, family, and company names are spelled as their owners prefer\n it.\n* If Irish names starting with \u00abO'\u00bb are respelled, the capitalized \u00abO\u00bb\n followed by an apostrophe and a capital letter represents /oU/ followed\n by a stressed syllable, hence \u00abO'Coner, O'Neel\u00bb \u2039O'Connor, O'Neil\u203a would\n be regular respellings.\n* Scottish and Irish names traditionally starting with \u2039Mc\u203a or \u2039Mac\u203a /m@k/\n followed by a capitalized and stressed second syllable may be respelled\n by writing \u00abMc\u00bb followed by a capital letter instead of a stress marker,\n e.g. \u00abMcAdem, McDonel\u00bb \u2039McAdam, McDonnell\u203a. If the stressed syllable\n starts with a /k/ sound, that letter is capitalized (and repeated after\n the initial \u00abMc\u00bb), e.g. \u00abMcCarti, McKee, McQueen\u00bb \u2039McCarty...\u203a. If any\n other syllable is stressed, Lytspel recommend writing the word regularly\n without inner capitalization, e.g. \u00abMakintosh\u00bb \u2039Macintosh *or* McIntosh\u203a.\n\n\n## International Pronunciation Differences\n\nAs an international language, English is currently written and spoken\nsomewhat differently in various parts of the world.\n\nOn the one hand, by using a phonetic spelling, Lytspel eliminates most\ndifferences that traditionally exist between written British (BE) and\nAmerican English (AE), e.g. \u00abculer, senter, orgenys, \u00e1nelys, lycenss,\ncatalog, aijing, program, chek, gray\u00bb \u2039colour/color, centre/center,\norganise/organize, analyse/analyze, licence/license, catalogue/catalog,\nageing/aging, programme/program, cheque/check, grey/gray\u203a.\n\nOn the other hand, tailoring Lytspel to faithfully represent just one\nregional variety would cause many deviations from the alphabetic principle\nfor everyone else. And creating different variants of Lytspel each fitting\njust one regional variety would introduce even larger differences between\ndifferent regional varieties of written English than traditionally exist\nbetween BE and AE.\n\nInstead of going down either of theses routes, Lytspel had been designed as\nsome kind of \"global compromise.\" It aims to keep the phonetic principle\nreasonably intact for all varieties of spoken English, and particularly for\nRP (since the English language originates in England) and GA (since the\nUnited States are the country with the highest number of native English\nspeakers).\n\nSeveral details of the Lytspel spellings have already been motivated as\nrepresenting sound distinctions that exist either in RP or in GA. But such\ncompromises are not almost possible without making the written language\nextremely complex and unwieldy. In other cases, Lytspel therefore resolves\ndifferences between RP and GA by choosing one spelling -- often the one\nthat keeps the written language more similar to tradspell or else the\nshorter one:\n\n* /a/ (\u00aba\u00bb) is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /a/ or\n /A/, e.g. \u00ablast, guulash\u00bb \u2039...goulash\u203a.\n* /a/ is also preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /a/ or\n /eI/, e.g. \u00abpatent, patriat\u00bb \u2039...patriot\u203a.\n* /a/ is also preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /a/ or /Q/,\n e.g. \u00abrath\u00bb \u2039wrath\u203a.\n* /A/ (\u00abaa)\u00bb is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /A/ or\n /eI/, e.g. \u00abtomaato, swaadh\u00bb \u2039tomato, swathe\u203a.\n* /aI/ (\u00aby\u00bb, \u00abiy\u00bb before vowels) is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken\n as either /aI/ or /i:/, e.g. \u00abnydher, f\u00edlistyn\u00bb \u2039neither, philistine\u203a.\n* /E/ (\u00abe)\u00bb is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /E/ or\n /eI/, e.g. \u00abagen\u00bb \u2039again\u203a.\n* /E/ is also preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /E/ or\n /i:/, e.g. \u00ablezher, predececer\u00bb \u2039leisure, predecessor\u203a.\n* /I/ (\u00abi\u00bb) is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /I/ or\n /aI/, e.g. \u00abcristelin, direct, orgenisaition\u00bb \u2039crystalline, direct,\n organization\u203a.\n* /I/ is also preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /I/ or /i:/\n (e.g. \u00abafrod\u00edsiac\u00bb \u2039aphrodisiac\u203a), unless its original representation is\n \u2039ee\u203a (e.g. \u00abbeen\u00bb).\n* /i:/ (\u00abee\u00bb, \u00abi\u00bb before vowels) is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken\n as either /i:/ or /eI/, e.g. \u00abbeeta, gaseebo, \u00cdzrial\u00bb \u2039beta, gazebo,\n Israel\u203a.\n* /Q/ (\u00abo\u00bb) is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /Q/ or\n /O:/, e.g. \u00ab\u00e1lkehol, cloth\u00bb \u2039alcohol...\u203a.\n* /Q/ is also preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /Q/ or\n /oU/, e.g. \u00abprocess, shon\u00bb \u2039...shone\u203a.\n* /Q/ is also preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /Q/ or /V/,\n e.g. \u00abfrom, whot, acomplish\u00bb \u2039...what, accomplish\u203a.\n* /oU/ (\u00aboa\u00bb) is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /oU/ or\n /O:/, e.g. \u00absloath\u00bb \u2039sloth\u203a.\n* /U/ (\u00aboo\u00bb) is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /U/ or\n /u:/, e.g. \u00abcoocu, hoof\u00bb \u2039cuckoo...\u203a.\n* /jU/ \u00abue\u00bb is preferred if a vowel is commonly spoken as either /jU/ or\n /j@/, e.g. \u00abd\u00f3cuement, \u00f3cuepy\u00bb \u2039document, occupy\u203a.\n* /Ir/ (\u00abir\u00bb) is preferred if an r-colored vowel is commonly spoken as\n either /Ir/ or /3:/, e.g. \u00absquirel\u00bb \u2039squirrel\u203a.\n* /3:/ (\u00abur\u00bb) is preferred if an r-colored vowel is commonly spoken as\n either /3:/ or /A(r)/, e.g. \u00abclurk\u00bb \u2039clerk\u203a.\n* /w/ (\u00abw\u00bb) is preferred if a sound preceding a vowel is commonly spoken as\n either /w/ or one of /ju:/ or /jU/, e.g. \u00abj\u00e1gwar\u00bb \u2039jaguar\u203a.\n* If a vowel is spoken as a schwa or omitted altogether in some regions, as\n /aI/ elsewhere, Lytspel generally uses \u00abi\u00bb /I/ as a compromise, e.g.\n \u00ab\u00e1jil, vursetil\u00bb, \u2039agile, versatile\u203a.\n* Otherwise, if a vowel is spoken with a full vowel sound in some regions,\n while reduced to a schwa or omitted altogether elsewhere, Lytspel tends\n to write the full version, e.g. \u00abc\u00e1tegori, \u00ednevaitiv, militerri,\n portrait, prymerri, python, roazmairi, t\u00e9stimoani\u00bb \u2039category, innovative,\n military, portrait, primary, python, rosemary, testimony\u203a.\n* If some people pronounce /I/ and others a schwa, Lytspel uses \u00abi\u00bb if\n that's the original representation, e.g. \u00absimplify\u00bb.\n* /z/ (\u00abs\u00bb or \u00abz\u00bb, depending on position) is preferred if a consonant is\n commonly spoken as either /z/ or /s/, e.g. \u00abirais, venisen, talizmen\u00bb\n \u2039erase, venison, talisman\u203a.\n* If a consonant is commonly spoken as either /Z/ or /S/, final \u00absion\u00bb\n /Z@n/ is preserved if it's already the traditional ending (e.g.\n \u00abconvursion\u00bb \u2039conversion\u203a), otherwise /S/ (usually \u00absh\u00bb) is preferred,\n e.g. \u00abAisha, iraisher\u00bb \u2039Asia, erasure\u203a.\n* If some people pronounce /D/ and others /T/, \u00abth\u00bb (or \u00abther\u00bb) is\n preferred, e.g. \u00abwith, zither\u00bb.\n* /si:/ (depending on position, but often \u00abci\u00bb) is preferred if a sequence\n is commonly spoken as either /si:/ or /S/, e.g. \u00abhecian, omniciant\u00bb\n \u2039hessian, omniscient\u203a.\n* /zi:/ (depending on position, but often \u00absi\u00bb) is preferred if a sequence\n is commonly spoken as either /zi:/ or /Z/, e.g. \u00abhoasieri, Malaisia\u00bb\n \u2039hosiery, Malaysia\u203a.\n* /ti:/ (\u00abti\u00bb before vowels) is preferred if a sequence is commonly spoken\n as either /ti:/ or as one of /S, Si:, tS, tSi:/, e.g. \u00absentiant,\n consortiam, bestial, bestierri\u00bb \u2039sentient, consortium, bestial,\n bestiary\u203a.\n\nIf a letter is commonly either spoken or silent, Lytspel tends to preserve\nit, e.g. \u00abplatinum, trait\u00bb (not \"platnum, tray\").\n\nIf speakers in different regions tend to stress different syllables,\nLytspel usually places the stress early rather than late, e.g. \u00aban \u00e1dress,\nd\u00e9caid, truncait\u00bb \u2039an address, decade, truncate\u203a. But in the case of\noriginally foreign words where a late stress placement corresponds to the\npronunciation in the original language, it is often preserved, e.g.\n\u00abcafeen, expoas\u00e1y\u00bb \u2039caffeine, expos\u00e9\u203a.\n\nOther differences are usually unique to just one or very few words. In such\ncases, Lytspel generally prefers the pronunciation that is more similar to\nthe traditional written form, e.g. \u00abcordial, figer, sh\u00e9duel\u00bb \u2039...figure,\nschedule\u203a (rather than \"corjel, figyer, skejuul\").\n\nIn a few cases, one pronunciation is preferred because it is more similar\nto that of a closely related word, e.g. \u00abpryveci\u00bb \u2039privacy\u203a from \u00abpryvet\u00bb\n\u2039private\u203a (rather than \"priveci\").\n\n\n## Limitations of the Current Dictionary\n\nThe Lytspel dictionary, as currently published, can distinguish between\nwords traditionally written the same but pronounced differently\n(heteronyms) as long as their grammatical role in a sentence is different\n-- one is a noun, while the other is a verb, for example. This allows\ndistinguishing the verb \u00abcloas\u00bb \u2039close\u203a from the adjective \u00abcloass\u00bb, the\nnoun \u00ab\u00f3bject\u00bb from the verb \u00abobject\u00bb, etc. (\u00abThay wur tuu cloass tu the dor\ntu cloas it.\u00bb \u2039They were too close to the door to close it.\u203a / \u00abY did not\nobject tu the \u00f3bject.\u00bb \u2039I did not object to the object.\u203a)\n\nHowever, heteronyms are currently only disambiguated by their grammatical\nrole (commonly known as *part of speech,* or *POS*), hence if two\nheteronyms share the same grammatical role, the dictionary will list only\none of them. The other one should, of course, nevertheless be used when\nappropriate. Words where this is the case include (the missing spelling is\nlisted in parentheses):\n\n* \u2039bass\u203a: \u00abbaiss\u00bb (or \u00abbass\u00bb for various fish species)\n* \u2039drawer\u203a: \u00abdror\u00bb (or \u00abdrawer\u00bb for a person who draws)\n* \u2039logos\u203a: \u00abloagoas\u00bb (plural of \u00abloago\u00bb \u2039logo\u203a; or \u00ablogoss\u00bb for the Greek\n word)\n* \u2039micrometer\u203a: \u00abmycr\u00f3miter\u00bb (a measuring device; or \u00abmycromeeter\u00bb for the\n millionth part of a meter)\n* \u2039prayer\u203a: \u00abprair\u00bb (or \u00abprayer\u00bb for a person who prays)\n* \u2039read\u203a: \u00abreed\u00bb (or \u00abred\u00bb for the past tense)\n* \u2039routed, router, routing\u203a: \u00abruuted, ruuter, ruuting\u00bb (if derived from\n \u00abruut\u00bb \u2039route\u203a; or \u00abrouted, router, routing\u00bb if derived from \u00abrout\u00bb)\n* \u2039subsequence\u203a: \u00absubsiquenss\u00bb (for some subsequent occurrence; or\n \u00abs\u00fabseequenss\u00bb for a sequence derived from another sequence)\n* \u2039taxis\u203a: \u00abtaxies\u00bb (multiple taxis, or taxicabs; or \u00abtaxiss\u00bb, a scientific\n term)\n* \u2039tier\u203a: \u00abteer\u00bb (or \u00abtyer\u00bb for a person who ties)\n\n\n## Other Documentation\n\n**docs/lytspel-on-two-pages.md|odt|pdf**: A compact, two-page description\nof the most important rules. The PDF is exported from the ODT\n(OpenDocument/LibreOffice) document, while the Markdown (md) version is\nmaintained independently.\n\n**LICENSE.txt** contains the license used for the Lytspel program suite (a\npermissive license known as \"ISC license\"). The proposed spellings do not\nfall under copyright (you cannot copyright a single word, let alone a way\nto spell it) and may be considered a part of the public domain.\n\n**CHANGELOG.md** contains a compact list of the changes made between the\nvarious released versions of the program (and dictionary).\n\nIf you want to install and use the program locally (rather then using the\nweb frontend), see **INSTALL-USE.md**.\n\nIf you want to experiment with the program suite locally, in order to add\nsome functionality, fix bugs, or modify spellings, see **devnotes.md**.\n\n**files.md** quickly describes the various files in the Lytspel repository.\nThis too is mostly interesting if you want to modify the dictionary or some\nof the programs used to generate it.\n\n\n",
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