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<i>An Open Source Project from the <a href="https://dai.lids.mit.edu">Data to AI Lab, at MIT</a></i>
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[](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/MLBazaar/MLBlocks/master?filepath=examples/tutorials)
# MLPrimitives
Pipelines and primitives for machine learning and data science.
* Documentation: https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLPrimitives
* Github: https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives
* License: [MIT](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/blob/master/LICENSE)
* Development Status: [Pre-Alpha](https://pypi.org/search/?c=Development+Status+%3A%3A+2+-+Pre-Alpha)
# Overview
This repository contains primitive annotations to be used by the MLBlocks library, as well as
the necessary Python code to make some of them fully compatible with the MLBlocks API requirements.
There is also a collection of custom primitives contributed directly to this library, which either
combine third party tools or implement new functionalities from scratch.
## Why did we create this library?
* Too many libraries in a fast growing field
* Huge societal need to build machine learning apps
* Domain expertise resides at several places (knowledge of math)
* No documented information about hyperparameters, behavior...
# Installation
## Requirements
**MLPrimitives** has been developed and tested on [Python 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, and 3.11](https://www.python.org/downloads/)
Also, although it is not strictly required, the usage of a
[virtualenv](https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/) is highly recommended in order to avoid
interfering with other software installed in the system where **MLPrimitives** is run.
## Install with pip
The easiest and recommended way to install **MLPrimitives** is using [pip](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/):
```bash
pip install mlprimitives
```
This will pull and install the latest stable release from [PyPi](https://pypi.org/).
If you want to install from source or contribute to the project please read the
[Contributing Guide](https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLPrimitives/community/welcome.html).
# Quickstart
This section is a short series of tutorials to help you getting started with MLPrimitives.
In the following steps you will learn how to load and run a primitive on some data.
Later on you will learn how to evaluate and improve the performance of a primitive by tuning
its hyperparameters.
## Running a Primitive
In this first tutorial, we will be executing a single primitive for data transformation.
### 1. Load a Primitive
The first step in order to run a primitive is to load it.
This will be done using the `mlprimitives.load_primitive` function, which will
load the indicated primitive as an [MLBlock Object from MLBlocks](https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLBlocks/api/mlblocks.html#mlblocks.MLBlock)
In this case, we will load the `mlprimitives.custom.feature_extraction.CategoricalEncoder`
primitive.
```python3
from mlprimitives import load_primitive
primitive = load_primitive('mlprimitives.custom.feature_extraction.CategoricalEncoder')
```
### 2. Load some data
The CategoricalEncoder is a transformation primitive which applies one-hot encoding to all the
categorical columns of a `pandas.DataFrame`.
So, in order to be able to run our primitive, we will first load some data that contains
categorical columns.
This can be done with the `mlprimitives.datasets.load_census` function:
```python3
from mlprimitives.datasets import load_census
dataset = load_census()
```
This dataset object has an attribute `data` which contains a table with several categorical
columns.
We can have a look at this table by executing `dataset.data.head()`, which will return a
table like this:
```
0 1 2
age 39 50 38
workclass State-gov Self-emp-not-inc Private
fnlwgt 77516 83311 215646
education Bachelors Bachelors HS-grad
education-num 13 13 9
marital-status Never-married Married-civ-spouse Divorced
occupation Adm-clerical Exec-managerial Handlers-cleaners
relationship Not-in-family Husband Not-in-family
race White White White
sex Male Male Male
capital-gain 2174 0 0
capital-loss 0 0 0
hours-per-week 40 13 40
native-country United-States United-States United-States
```
### 3. Fit the primitive
In order to run our pipeline, we first need to fit it.
This is the process where it analyzes the data to detect which columns are categorical
This is done by calling its `fit` method and assing the `dataset.data` as `X`.
```python3
primitive.fit(X=dataset.data)
```
### 4. Produce results
Once the pipeline is fit, we can process the data by calling the `produce` method of the
primitive instance and passing agin the `data` as `X`.
```python3
transformed = primitive.produce(X=dataset.data)
```
After this is done, we can see how the transformed data contains the newly generated
one-hot vectors:
```
0 1 2 3 4
age 39 50 38 53 28
fnlwgt 77516 83311 215646 234721 338409
education-num 13 13 9 7 13
capital-gain 2174 0 0 0 0
capital-loss 0 0 0 0 0
hours-per-week 40 13 40 40 40
workclass= Private 0 0 1 1 1
workclass= Self-emp-not-inc 0 1 0 0 0
workclass= Local-gov 0 0 0 0 0
workclass= ? 0 0 0 0 0
workclass= State-gov 1 0 0 0 0
workclass= Self-emp-inc 0 0 0 0 0
... ... ... ... ... ...
```
## Tuning a Primitive
In this short tutorial we will teach you how to evaluate the performance of a primitive
and improve its performance by modifying its hyperparameters.
To do so, we will load a primitive that can learn from the transformed data that we just
generated and later on make predictions based on new data.
### 1. Load another primitive
Firs of all, we will load the `xgboost.XGBClassifier` primitive that we will use afterwards.
```python3
primitive = load_primitive('xgboost.XGBClassifier')
```
### 2. Split the dataset
Before being able to evaluate the primitive perfomance, we need to split the data in two
parts: train, which will be used for the primitive to learn, and test, which will be used
to make the predictions that later on will be evaluated.
In order to do this, we will get the first 75% of rows from the transformed data that we
obtained above and call it `X_train`, and then set the next 25% of rows as `X_test`.
```python3
train_size = int(len(transformed) * 0.75)
X_train = transformed.iloc[:train_size]
X_test = transformed.iloc[train_size:]
```
Similarly, we need to obtain the `y_train` and `y_test` variables containing the corresponding
output values.
```python3
y_train = dataset.target[:train_size]
y_test = dataset.target[train_size:]
```
### 3. Fit the new primitive
Once we have have splitted the data, we can fit the primitive by passing `X_train` and `y_train`
to its `fit` method.
```python3
primitive.fit(X=X_train, y=y_train)
```
### 4. Make predictions
Once the primitive has been fitted, we can produce predictions using the `X_test` data as input.
```python3
predictions = primitive.produce(X=X_test)
```
### 5. Evalute the performance
We can now evaluate how good the predictions from our primitive are by using the `score`
method from the `dataset` object on both the expected output and the real output from the
primitive:
```python3
dataset.score(y_test, predictions)
```
This will output a float value between 0 and 1 indicating how good the predicitons are, being
0 the worst score possible and 1 the best one.
In this case we will obtain a score around 0.866
### 6. Set new hyperparameter values
In order to improve the performance of our primitive we will try to modify a couple of its
hyperparameters.
First we will see which hyperparameter values the primitive has by calling its
`get_hyperparameters` method.
```python3
primitive.get_hyperparameters()
```
which will return a dictionary like this:
```python
{
"n_jobs": -1,
"n_estimators": 100,
"max_depth": 3,
"learning_rate": 0.1,
"gamma": 0,
"min_child_weight": 1
}
```
Next, we will see which are the valid values for each one of those hyperparameters by calling its
`get_tunable_hyperparameters` method:
```python3
primitive.get_tunable_hyperparameters()
```
For example, we will see that the `max_depth` hyperparameter has the following specification:
```python
{
"type": "int",
"default": 3,
"range": [
3,
10
]
}
```
Next, we will choose a valid value, for example 7, and set it into the pipeline using the
`set_hyperparameters` method:
```python3
primitive.set_hyperparameters({'max_depth': 7})
```
### 7. Re-evaluate the performance
Once the new hyperparameter value has been set, we repeat the fit/train/score cycle to
evaluate the performance of this new hyperparameter value:
```python3
primitive.fit(X=X_train, y=y_train)
predictions = primitive.produce(X=X_test)
dataset.score(y_test, predictions)
```
This time we should see that the performance has improved to a value around 0.724
## What's Next?
Do you want to [learn more about how the project](https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLPrimitives/getting_started/concepts.html),
about [how to contribute to it](https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLPrimitives/community/contributing.html)
or browse the [API Reference](https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLPrimitives/api/mlprimitives.html)?
Please check the corresponding sections of the [documentation](https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLPrimitives/)!
# History
## 0.4.1 - 2024-11-15
### Primitive Improvements
* SimpleImputer primitive update – [Issue #280](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/280) by @sarahmish
## 0.4.0 - 2024-03-22
### General Imporvements
* Upgrade python versions 3.9, 3.10, and 3.11 - [Issue #279](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/279) by @sarahmish
* Adapt to statsmodels.tsa.arima_model.ARIMA deprecation - [Issue #253](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/253) by @sarahmish
## 0.3.5 - 2023-04-14
### General Imporvements
* Update `mlblocks` cap - [Issue #278](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/278) by @sarahmish
## 0.3.4 - 2023-01-24
### General Imporvements
* Update `mlblocks` cap - [Issue #277](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/277) by @sarahmish
## 0.3.3 - 2023-01-20
### General Imporvements
* Update dependencies - [Issue #276](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/276) by @sarahmish
### Adapter Improvements
* Building model within fit in keras adapter- [Issue #267](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/267) by @sarahmish
## 0.3.2 - 2021-11-09
### Adapter Improvements
* Inferring data shapes with single dimension for keras adapter - [Issue #265](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/265) by @sarahmish
## 0.3.1 - 2021-10-07
### Adapter Improvements
* Dynamic target_shape in keras adapter - [Issue #263](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/263) by @sarahmish
* Save keras primitives in Windows environment - [Issue #261](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/261) by @sarahmish
### General Imporvements
* Update TensorFlow and NumPy dependency - [Issue #259](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/259) by @sarahmish
## 0.3.0 - 2021-01-09
### New Primitives
* Add primitive `sklearn.naive_bayes.GaussianNB` - [Issue #242](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/242) by @sarahmish
* Add primitive `sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier` - [Issue #241](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/241) by @sarahmish
### Primitive Improvements
* Add offset to rolling_window_sequence primitive - [Issue #251](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/251) by @skyeeiskowitz
* Rename the time_index column to time - [Issue #252](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/252) by @pvk-developer
* Update featuretools dependency - [Issue #250](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/250) by @pvk-developer
### General Improvements
* Udpate dependencies and add python3.8 - [Issue #246](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/246) by @csala
* Drop Python35 - [Issue #244](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/244) by @csala
## 0.2.5 - 2020-07-29
### Primitive Improvements
* Accept timedelta `window_size` in `cutoff_window_sequences` - [Issue #239](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/239) by @joanvaquer
### Bug Fixes
* ImportError: Keras requires TensorFlow 2.2 or higher. Install TensorFlow via `pip install tensorflow` - [Issue #237](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/237) by @joanvaquer
### New Primitives
* Add `pandas.DataFrame.set_index` primitive - [Issue #222](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/222) by @JDTheRipperPC
## 0.2.4 - 2020-01-30
### New Primitives
* Add RangeScaler and RangeUnscaler primitives - [Issue #232](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/232) by @csala
### Primitive Improvements
* Extract input_shape from X in keras.Sequential - [Issue #223](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/223) by @csala
### Bug Fixes
* mlprimitives.custom.text.TextCleaner fails if text is empty - [Issue #228](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/228) by @csala
* Error when loading the reviews dataset - [Issue #230](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/230) by @csala
* Curate dependencies: specify an explicit prompt-toolkit version range - [Issue #224](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/224) by @csala
## 0.2.3 - 2019-11-14
### New Primitives
* Add primitive to make window_sequences based on cutoff times - [Issue #217](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/217) by @csala
* Create a keras LSTM based TimeSeriesClassifier primitive - [Issue #218](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/218) by @csala
* Add pandas DataFrame primitives - [Issue #214](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/214) by @csala
* Add featuretools.EntitySet.normalize_entity primitive - [Issue #209](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/209) by @csala
### Primitive Improvements
* Make featuretools.EntitySet.entity_from_dataframe entityset arg optional - [Issue #208](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/208) by @csala
* Add text regression dataset - [Issue #206](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/206) by @csala
### Bug Fixes
* pandas.DataFrame.resample crash when grouping by integer columns - [Issue #211](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/211) by @csala
## 0.2.2 - 2019-10-08
### New Primitives
* Add primitives for GAN based time-series anomaly detection - [Issue #200](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/200) by @AlexanderGeiger
* Add `numpy.reshape` and `numpy.ravel` primitives - [Issue #197](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/197) by @AlexanderGeiger
* Add feature selection primitive based on Lasso - [Issue #194](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/194) by @csala
### Primitive Improvements
* `feature_extraction.CategoricalEncoder` support dtype category - [Issue #196](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/196) by @csala
## 0.2.1 - 2019-09-09
### New Primitives
* Timeseries Intervals to Mask Primitive - [Issue #186](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/186) by @AlexanderGeiger
* Add new primitive: Arima model - [Issue #168](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/168) by @AlexanderGeiger
### Primitive Improvements
* Curate PCA primitive hyperparameters - [Issue #190](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/190) by @AlexanderGeiger
* Add option to drop rolling window sequences - [Issue #186](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/186) by @AlexanderGeiger
### Bug Fixes
* scikit-image==0.14.3 crashes when installed on Mac - [Issue #188](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/188) by @csala
## 0.2.0
### New Features
* Publish the pipelines as an `entry_point`
[Issue #175](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/175) by @csala
### Primitive Improvements
* Improve pandas.DataFrame.resample primitive [Issue #177](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/177) by @csala
* Improve `feature_extractor` primitives [Issue #183](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/183) by @csala
* Improve `find_anomalies` primitive [Issue #180](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/180) by @AlexanderGeiger
### Bug Fixes
* Typo in the primitive keras.Sequential.LSTMTimeSeriesRegressor [Issue #176](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/176) by @DanielCalvoCerezo
## 0.1.10
### New Features
* Add function to run primitives without a pipeline [Issue #43](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/43) by @csala
### New Pipelines
* Add pipelines for all the MLBlocks examples [Issue #162](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/162) by @csala
### Primitive Improvements
* Add Early Stopping to `keras.Sequential.LSTMTimeSeriesRegressor` primitive [Issue #156](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/156) by @csala
* Make FeatureExtractor primitives accept Numpy arrays [Issue #165](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/165) by @csala
* Add window size and pruning to the `timeseries_anomalies.find_anomalies` primitive [Issue #160](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/160) by @csala
## 0.1.9
### New Features
* Add a single table binary classification dataset [Issue #141](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/141) by @csala
### New Primitives
* Add Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) primitive for binary classification [Issue #140](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/140) by @Hector-hedb12
* Add primitive for Sequence classification with LSTM [Issue #150](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/150) by @Hector-hedb12
* Add VGG-like convnet primitive [Issue #149](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/149) by @Hector-hedb12
* Add Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) primitive for multi-class softmax classification [Issue #139](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/139) by @Hector-hedb12
* Add primitive to count feature matrix columns [Issue #146](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/146) by @csala
### Primitive Improvements
* Add additional fit and predict arguments to keras.Sequential [Issue #161](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/161) by @csala
* Add suport for keras.Sequential Callbacks [Issue #159](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/159) by @csala
* Add fixed hyperparam to control keras.Sequential verbosity [Issue #143](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/143) by @csala
## 0.1.8
### New Primitives
* mlprimitives.custom.timeseries_preprocessing.time_segments_average - [Issue #137](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/137)
### New Features
* Add target_index output in timseries_preprocessing.rolling_window_sequences - [Issue #136](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/136)
## 0.1.7
### General Improvements
* Validate JSON format in `make lint` - [Issue #133](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/133)
* Add demo datasets - [Issue #131](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/131)
* Improve featuretools.dfs primitive - [Issue #127](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/127)
### New Primitives
* pandas.DataFrame.resample - [Issue #123](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/123)
* pandas.DataFrame.unstack - [Issue #124](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/124)
* featuretools.EntitySet.add_relationship - [Issue #126](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/126)
* featuretools.EntitySet.entity_from_dataframe - [Issue #126](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/126)
### Bug Fixes
* Bug in timeseries_anomalies.py - [Issue #119](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/119)
## 0.1.6
### General Improvements
* Add Contributing Documentation
* Remove upper bound in pandas version given new release of `featuretools` v0.6.1
* Improve LSTMTimeSeriesRegressor hyperparameters
### New Primitives
* mlprimitives.candidates.dsp.SpectralMask
* mlprimitives.custom.timeseries_anomalies.find_anomalies
* mlprimitives.custom.timeseries_anomalies.regression_errors
* mlprimitives.custom.timeseries_preprocessing.rolling_window_sequences
* mlprimitives.custom.timeseries_preprocessing.time_segments_average
* sklearn.linear_model.ElasticNet
* sklearn.linear_model.Lars
* sklearn.linear_model.Lasso
* sklearn.linear_model.MultiTaskLasso
* sklearn.linear_model.Ridge
## 0.1.5
### New Primitives
* sklearn.impute.SimpleImputer
* sklearn.preprocessing.MinMaxScaler
* sklearn.preprocessing.MaxAbsScaler
* sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler
* sklearn.linear_model.LinearRegression
### General Improvements
* Separate curated from candidate primitives
* Setup `entry_points` in setup.py to improve compaitibility with MLBlocks
* Add a test-pipelines command to test all the existing pipelines
* Clean sklearn example pipelines
* Change the `author` entry to a `contributors` list
* Change the name of `mlblocks_primitives` folder
* Pip install `requirements_dev.txt` fail documentation
### Bug Fixes
* Fix LSTMTimeSeriesRegressor primitive. Issue #90
* Fix timeseries primitives. Issue #91
* Negative index anomalies in `timeseries_errors`. Issue #89
* Keep pandas version below 0.24.0. Issue #87
## 0.1.4
### New Primitives
* mlprimitives.timeseries primitives for timeseries data preprocessing
* mlprimitives.timeseres_error primitives for timeseries anomaly detection
* keras.Sequential.LSTMTimeSeriesRegressor
* sklearn.neighbors.KNeighbors Classifier and Regressor
* several sklearn.decomposition primitives
* several sklearn.ensemble primitives
### Bug Fixes
* Fix typo in mlprimitives.text.TextCleaner primitive
* Fix bug in index handling in featuretools.dfs primitive
* Fix bug in SingleLayerCNNImageClassifier annotation
* Remove old vlaidation tags from JSON annotations
## 0.1.3
### New Features
* Fix and re-enable featuretools.dfs primitive.
## 0.1.2
### New Features
* Add pipeline specification language and Evaluation utilities.
* Add pipelines for graph, text and tabular problems.
* New primitives ClassEncoder and ClassDecoder
* New primitives UniqueCounter and VocabularyCounter
### Bug Fixes
* Fix TrivialPredictor bug when working with numpy arrays
* Change XGB default learning rate and number of estimators
## 0.1.1
### New Features
* Add more keras.applications primitives.
* Add a Text Cleanup primitive.
### Bug Fixes
* Add keywords to `keras.preprocessing` primtives.
* Fix the `image_transform` method.
* Add `epoch` as a fixed hyperparameter for `keras.Sequential` primitives.
## 0.1.0
* First release on PyPI.
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"description": "<p align=\"left\">\n <a href=\"https://dai.lids.mit.edu\">\n <img width=15% src=\"https://dai.lids.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Logo_DAI_highres.png\" alt=\"DAI-Lab\" />\n </a>\n <i>An Open Source Project from the <a href=\"https://dai.lids.mit.edu\">Data to AI Lab, at MIT</a></i>\n</p>\n\n[](https://pypi.org/search/?c=Development+Status+%3A%3A+2+-+Pre-Alpha)\n[](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/mlprimitives)\n[](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/actions?query=workflow%3A%22Run+Tests%22+branch%3Amaster)\n[](https://pepy.tech/project/mlprimitives)\n[](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/MLBazaar/MLBlocks/master?filepath=examples/tutorials)\n\n# MLPrimitives\n\nPipelines and primitives for machine learning and data science.\n\n* Documentation: https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLPrimitives\n* Github: https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives\n* License: [MIT](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/blob/master/LICENSE)\n* Development Status: [Pre-Alpha](https://pypi.org/search/?c=Development+Status+%3A%3A+2+-+Pre-Alpha)\n\n# Overview\n\nThis repository contains primitive annotations to be used by the MLBlocks library, as well as\nthe necessary Python code to make some of them fully compatible with the MLBlocks API requirements.\n\nThere is also a collection of custom primitives contributed directly to this library, which either\ncombine third party tools or implement new functionalities from scratch.\n\n## Why did we create this library?\n\n* Too many libraries in a fast growing field\n* Huge societal need to build machine learning apps\n* Domain expertise resides at several places (knowledge of math)\n* No documented information about hyperparameters, behavior...\n\n# Installation\n\n## Requirements\n\n**MLPrimitives** has been developed and tested on [Python 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, and 3.11](https://www.python.org/downloads/)\n\nAlso, although it is not strictly required, the usage of a\n[virtualenv](https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/) is highly recommended in order to avoid\ninterfering with other software installed in the system where **MLPrimitives** is run.\n\n## Install with pip\n\nThe easiest and recommended way to install **MLPrimitives** is using [pip](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/):\n\n```bash\npip install mlprimitives\n```\n\nThis will pull and install the latest stable release from [PyPi](https://pypi.org/).\n\nIf you want to install from source or contribute to the project please read the\n[Contributing Guide](https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLPrimitives/community/welcome.html).\n\n# Quickstart\n\nThis section is a short series of tutorials to help you getting started with MLPrimitives.\n\nIn the following steps you will learn how to load and run a primitive on some data.\n\nLater on you will learn how to evaluate and improve the performance of a primitive by tuning\nits hyperparameters.\n\n## Running a Primitive\n\nIn this first tutorial, we will be executing a single primitive for data transformation.\n\n### 1. Load a Primitive\n\nThe first step in order to run a primitive is to load it.\n\nThis will be done using the `mlprimitives.load_primitive` function, which will\nload the indicated primitive as an [MLBlock Object from MLBlocks](https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLBlocks/api/mlblocks.html#mlblocks.MLBlock)\n\nIn this case, we will load the `mlprimitives.custom.feature_extraction.CategoricalEncoder`\nprimitive.\n\n```python3\nfrom mlprimitives import load_primitive\n\nprimitive = load_primitive('mlprimitives.custom.feature_extraction.CategoricalEncoder')\n```\n\n### 2. Load some data\n\nThe CategoricalEncoder is a transformation primitive which applies one-hot encoding to all the\ncategorical columns of a `pandas.DataFrame`.\n\nSo, in order to be able to run our primitive, we will first load some data that contains\ncategorical columns.\n\nThis can be done with the `mlprimitives.datasets.load_census` function:\n\n```python3\nfrom mlprimitives.datasets import load_census\n\ndataset = load_census()\n```\n\nThis dataset object has an attribute `data` which contains a table with several categorical\ncolumns.\n\nWe can have a look at this table by executing `dataset.data.head()`, which will return a\ntable like this:\n\n```\n 0 1 2\nage 39 50 38\nworkclass State-gov Self-emp-not-inc Private\nfnlwgt 77516 83311 215646\neducation Bachelors Bachelors HS-grad\neducation-num 13 13 9\nmarital-status Never-married Married-civ-spouse Divorced\noccupation Adm-clerical Exec-managerial Handlers-cleaners\nrelationship Not-in-family Husband Not-in-family\nrace White White White\nsex Male Male Male\ncapital-gain 2174 0 0\ncapital-loss 0 0 0\nhours-per-week 40 13 40\nnative-country United-States United-States United-States\n```\n\n### 3. Fit the primitive\n\nIn order to run our pipeline, we first need to fit it.\n\nThis is the process where it analyzes the data to detect which columns are categorical\n\nThis is done by calling its `fit` method and assing the `dataset.data` as `X`.\n\n```python3\nprimitive.fit(X=dataset.data)\n```\n\n### 4. Produce results\n\nOnce the pipeline is fit, we can process the data by calling the `produce` method of the\nprimitive instance and passing agin the `data` as `X`.\n\n```python3\ntransformed = primitive.produce(X=dataset.data)\n```\n\nAfter this is done, we can see how the transformed data contains the newly generated\none-hot vectors:\n\n```\n 0 1 2 3 4\nage 39 50 38 53 28\nfnlwgt 77516 83311 215646 234721 338409\neducation-num 13 13 9 7 13\ncapital-gain 2174 0 0 0 0\ncapital-loss 0 0 0 0 0\nhours-per-week 40 13 40 40 40\nworkclass= Private 0 0 1 1 1\nworkclass= Self-emp-not-inc 0 1 0 0 0\nworkclass= Local-gov 0 0 0 0 0\nworkclass= ? 0 0 0 0 0\nworkclass= State-gov 1 0 0 0 0\nworkclass= Self-emp-inc 0 0 0 0 0\n... ... ... ... ... ...\n```\n\n## Tuning a Primitive\n\nIn this short tutorial we will teach you how to evaluate the performance of a primitive\nand improve its performance by modifying its hyperparameters.\n\nTo do so, we will load a primitive that can learn from the transformed data that we just\ngenerated and later on make predictions based on new data.\n\n### 1. Load another primitive\n\nFirs of all, we will load the `xgboost.XGBClassifier` primitive that we will use afterwards.\n\n```python3\nprimitive = load_primitive('xgboost.XGBClassifier')\n```\n\n### 2. Split the dataset\n\nBefore being able to evaluate the primitive perfomance, we need to split the data in two\nparts: train, which will be used for the primitive to learn, and test, which will be used\nto make the predictions that later on will be evaluated.\n\nIn order to do this, we will get the first 75% of rows from the transformed data that we\nobtained above and call it `X_train`, and then set the next 25% of rows as `X_test`.\n\n```python3\ntrain_size = int(len(transformed) * 0.75)\nX_train = transformed.iloc[:train_size]\nX_test = transformed.iloc[train_size:]\n```\n\nSimilarly, we need to obtain the `y_train` and `y_test` variables containing the corresponding\noutput values.\n\n```python3\ny_train = dataset.target[:train_size]\ny_test = dataset.target[train_size:]\n```\n\n### 3. Fit the new primitive\n\nOnce we have have splitted the data, we can fit the primitive by passing `X_train` and `y_train`\nto its `fit` method.\n\n```python3\nprimitive.fit(X=X_train, y=y_train)\n```\n\n### 4. Make predictions\n\nOnce the primitive has been fitted, we can produce predictions using the `X_test` data as input.\n\n```python3\npredictions = primitive.produce(X=X_test)\n```\n\n### 5. Evalute the performance\n\nWe can now evaluate how good the predictions from our primitive are by using the `score`\nmethod from the `dataset` object on both the expected output and the real output from the\nprimitive:\n\n```python3\ndataset.score(y_test, predictions)\n```\n\nThis will output a float value between 0 and 1 indicating how good the predicitons are, being\n0 the worst score possible and 1 the best one.\n\nIn this case we will obtain a score around 0.866\n\n### 6. Set new hyperparameter values\n\nIn order to improve the performance of our primitive we will try to modify a couple of its\nhyperparameters.\n\nFirst we will see which hyperparameter values the primitive has by calling its\n`get_hyperparameters` method.\n\n```python3\nprimitive.get_hyperparameters()\n```\n\nwhich will return a dictionary like this:\n\n```python\n{\n \"n_jobs\": -1,\n \"n_estimators\": 100,\n \"max_depth\": 3,\n \"learning_rate\": 0.1,\n \"gamma\": 0,\n \"min_child_weight\": 1\n}\n```\n\nNext, we will see which are the valid values for each one of those hyperparameters by calling its\n`get_tunable_hyperparameters` method:\n\n```python3\nprimitive.get_tunable_hyperparameters()\n```\n\nFor example, we will see that the `max_depth` hyperparameter has the following specification:\n\n```python\n{\n \"type\": \"int\",\n \"default\": 3,\n \"range\": [\n 3,\n 10\n ]\n}\n```\n\nNext, we will choose a valid value, for example 7, and set it into the pipeline using the\n`set_hyperparameters` method:\n\n```python3\nprimitive.set_hyperparameters({'max_depth': 7})\n```\n\n### 7. Re-evaluate the performance\n\nOnce the new hyperparameter value has been set, we repeat the fit/train/score cycle to\nevaluate the performance of this new hyperparameter value:\n\n```python3\nprimitive.fit(X=X_train, y=y_train)\npredictions = primitive.produce(X=X_test)\ndataset.score(y_test, predictions)\n```\n\nThis time we should see that the performance has improved to a value around 0.724\n\n## What's Next?\n\nDo you want to [learn more about how the project](https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLPrimitives/getting_started/concepts.html),\nabout [how to contribute to it](https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLPrimitives/community/contributing.html)\nor browse the [API Reference](https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLPrimitives/api/mlprimitives.html)?\nPlease check the corresponding sections of the [documentation](https://MLBazaar.github.io/MLPrimitives/)!\n\n\n# History\n\n## 0.4.1 - 2024-11-15\n\n### Primitive Improvements\n\n* SimpleImputer primitive update \u2013 [Issue #280](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/280) by @sarahmish\n\n## 0.4.0 - 2024-03-22\n\n### General Imporvements\n\n* Upgrade python versions 3.9, 3.10, and 3.11 - [Issue #279](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/279) by @sarahmish\n* Adapt to statsmodels.tsa.arima_model.ARIMA deprecation - [Issue #253](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/253) by @sarahmish\n\n## 0.3.5 - 2023-04-14\n\n### General Imporvements\n\n* Update `mlblocks` cap - [Issue #278](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/278) by @sarahmish\n\n## 0.3.4 - 2023-01-24\n\n### General Imporvements\n\n* Update `mlblocks` cap - [Issue #277](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/277) by @sarahmish\n\n## 0.3.3 - 2023-01-20\n\n### General Imporvements\n\n* Update dependencies - [Issue #276](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/276) by @sarahmish\n\n### Adapter Improvements\n\n* Building model within fit in keras adapter- [Issue #267](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/267) by @sarahmish\n\n## 0.3.2 - 2021-11-09\n\n### Adapter Improvements\n\n* Inferring data shapes with single dimension for keras adapter - [Issue #265](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/265) by @sarahmish\n\n## 0.3.1 - 2021-10-07\n\n### Adapter Improvements\n\n* Dynamic target_shape in keras adapter - [Issue #263](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/263) by @sarahmish\n* Save keras primitives in Windows environment - [Issue #261](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/261) by @sarahmish\n\n### General Imporvements\n\n* Update TensorFlow and NumPy dependency - [Issue #259](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/259) by @sarahmish\n\n## 0.3.0 - 2021-01-09\n\n### New Primitives\n\n* Add primitive `sklearn.naive_bayes.GaussianNB` - [Issue #242](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/242) by @sarahmish\n* Add primitive `sklearn.linear_model.SGDClassifier` - [Issue #241](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/241) by @sarahmish\n\n### Primitive Improvements\n\n* Add offset to rolling_window_sequence primitive - [Issue #251](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/251) by @skyeeiskowitz\n* Rename the time_index column to time - [Issue #252](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/252) by @pvk-developer\n* Update featuretools dependency - [Issue #250](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/250) by @pvk-developer\n\n### General Improvements\n\n* Udpate dependencies and add python3.8 - [Issue #246](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/246) by @csala\n* Drop Python35 - [Issue #244](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/244) by @csala\n\n## 0.2.5 - 2020-07-29\n\n### Primitive Improvements\n\n* Accept timedelta `window_size` in `cutoff_window_sequences` - [Issue #239](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/239) by @joanvaquer\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* ImportError: Keras requires TensorFlow 2.2 or higher. Install TensorFlow via `pip install tensorflow` - [Issue #237](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/237) by @joanvaquer\n\n### New Primitives\n\n* Add `pandas.DataFrame.set_index` primitive - [Issue #222](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/222) by @JDTheRipperPC\n\n## 0.2.4 - 2020-01-30\n\n### New Primitives\n\n* Add RangeScaler and RangeUnscaler primitives - [Issue #232](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/232) by @csala\n\n### Primitive Improvements\n\n* Extract input_shape from X in keras.Sequential - [Issue #223](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/223) by @csala\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* mlprimitives.custom.text.TextCleaner fails if text is empty - [Issue #228](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/228) by @csala\n* Error when loading the reviews dataset - [Issue #230](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/230) by @csala\n* Curate dependencies: specify an explicit prompt-toolkit version range - [Issue #224](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/224) by @csala\n\n## 0.2.3 - 2019-11-14\n\n### New Primitives\n\n* Add primitive to make window_sequences based on cutoff times - [Issue #217](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/217) by @csala\n* Create a keras LSTM based TimeSeriesClassifier primitive - [Issue #218](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/218) by @csala\n* Add pandas DataFrame primitives - [Issue #214](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/214) by @csala\n* Add featuretools.EntitySet.normalize_entity primitive - [Issue #209](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/209) by @csala\n\n### Primitive Improvements\n\n* Make featuretools.EntitySet.entity_from_dataframe entityset arg optional - [Issue #208](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/208) by @csala\n\n* Add text regression dataset - [Issue #206](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/206) by @csala\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* pandas.DataFrame.resample crash when grouping by integer columns - [Issue #211](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/211) by @csala\n\n## 0.2.2 - 2019-10-08\n\n### New Primitives\n\n* Add primitives for GAN based time-series anomaly detection - [Issue #200](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/200) by @AlexanderGeiger\n* Add `numpy.reshape` and `numpy.ravel` primitives - [Issue #197](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/197) by @AlexanderGeiger\n* Add feature selection primitive based on Lasso - [Issue #194](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/194) by @csala\n\n### Primitive Improvements\n\n* `feature_extraction.CategoricalEncoder` support dtype category - [Issue #196](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/196) by @csala\n\n## 0.2.1 - 2019-09-09\n\n### New Primitives\n\n* Timeseries Intervals to Mask Primitive - [Issue #186](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/186) by @AlexanderGeiger\n* Add new primitive: Arima model - [Issue #168](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/168) by @AlexanderGeiger\n\n### Primitive Improvements\n\n* Curate PCA primitive hyperparameters - [Issue #190](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/190) by @AlexanderGeiger\n* Add option to drop rolling window sequences - [Issue #186](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/186) by @AlexanderGeiger\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* scikit-image==0.14.3 crashes when installed on Mac - [Issue #188](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/188) by @csala\n\n## 0.2.0\n\n### New Features\n\n* Publish the pipelines as an `entry_point`\n[Issue #175](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/175) by @csala\n\n### Primitive Improvements\n\n* Improve pandas.DataFrame.resample primitive [Issue #177](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/177) by @csala\n* Improve `feature_extractor` primitives [Issue #183](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/183) by @csala\n* Improve `find_anomalies` primitive [Issue #180](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/180) by @AlexanderGeiger\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* Typo in the primitive keras.Sequential.LSTMTimeSeriesRegressor [Issue #176](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/176) by @DanielCalvoCerezo\n\n\n## 0.1.10\n\n### New Features\n\n* Add function to run primitives without a pipeline [Issue #43](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/43) by @csala\n\n### New Pipelines\n\n* Add pipelines for all the MLBlocks examples [Issue #162](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/162) by @csala\n\n### Primitive Improvements\n\n* Add Early Stopping to `keras.Sequential.LSTMTimeSeriesRegressor` primitive [Issue #156](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/156) by @csala\n* Make FeatureExtractor primitives accept Numpy arrays [Issue #165](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/165) by @csala\n* Add window size and pruning to the `timeseries_anomalies.find_anomalies` primitive [Issue #160](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/160) by @csala\n\n\n## 0.1.9\n\n### New Features\n\n* Add a single table binary classification dataset [Issue #141](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/141) by @csala\n\n### New Primitives\n\n* Add Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) primitive for binary classification [Issue #140](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/140) by @Hector-hedb12\n* Add primitive for Sequence classification with LSTM [Issue #150](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/150) by @Hector-hedb12\n* Add VGG-like convnet primitive [Issue #149](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/149) by @Hector-hedb12\n* Add Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) primitive for multi-class softmax classification [Issue #139](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/139) by @Hector-hedb12\n* Add primitive to count feature matrix columns [Issue #146](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/146) by @csala\n\n### Primitive Improvements\n\n* Add additional fit and predict arguments to keras.Sequential [Issue #161](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/161) by @csala\n* Add suport for keras.Sequential Callbacks [Issue #159](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/159) by @csala\n* Add fixed hyperparam to control keras.Sequential verbosity [Issue #143](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/143) by @csala\n\n## 0.1.8\n\n### New Primitives\n\n* mlprimitives.custom.timeseries_preprocessing.time_segments_average - [Issue #137](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/137)\n\n### New Features\n\n* Add target_index output in timseries_preprocessing.rolling_window_sequences - [Issue #136](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/136)\n\n## 0.1.7\n\n### General Improvements\n\n* Validate JSON format in `make lint` - [Issue #133](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/133)\n* Add demo datasets - [Issue #131](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/131)\n* Improve featuretools.dfs primitive - [Issue #127](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/127)\n\n### New Primitives\n\n* pandas.DataFrame.resample - [Issue #123](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/123)\n* pandas.DataFrame.unstack - [Issue #124](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/124)\n* featuretools.EntitySet.add_relationship - [Issue #126](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/126)\n* featuretools.EntitySet.entity_from_dataframe - [Issue #126](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/126)\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* Bug in timeseries_anomalies.py - [Issue #119](https://github.com/MLBazaar/MLPrimitives/issues/119)\n\n## 0.1.6\n\n### General Improvements\n\n* Add Contributing Documentation\n* Remove upper bound in pandas version given new release of `featuretools` v0.6.1\n* Improve LSTMTimeSeriesRegressor hyperparameters\n\n### New Primitives\n\n* mlprimitives.candidates.dsp.SpectralMask\n* mlprimitives.custom.timeseries_anomalies.find_anomalies\n* mlprimitives.custom.timeseries_anomalies.regression_errors\n* mlprimitives.custom.timeseries_preprocessing.rolling_window_sequences\n* mlprimitives.custom.timeseries_preprocessing.time_segments_average\n* sklearn.linear_model.ElasticNet\n* sklearn.linear_model.Lars\n* sklearn.linear_model.Lasso\n* sklearn.linear_model.MultiTaskLasso\n* sklearn.linear_model.Ridge\n\n## 0.1.5\n\n### New Primitives\n\n* sklearn.impute.SimpleImputer\n* sklearn.preprocessing.MinMaxScaler\n* sklearn.preprocessing.MaxAbsScaler\n* sklearn.preprocessing.RobustScaler\n* sklearn.linear_model.LinearRegression\n\n### General Improvements\n\n* Separate curated from candidate primitives\n* Setup `entry_points` in setup.py to improve compaitibility with MLBlocks\n* Add a test-pipelines command to test all the existing pipelines\n* Clean sklearn example pipelines\n* Change the `author` entry to a `contributors` list\n* Change the name of `mlblocks_primitives` folder\n* Pip install `requirements_dev.txt` fail documentation\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* Fix LSTMTimeSeriesRegressor primitive. Issue #90\n* Fix timeseries primitives. Issue #91\n* Negative index anomalies in `timeseries_errors`. Issue #89\n* Keep pandas version below 0.24.0. Issue #87\n\n## 0.1.4\n\n### New Primitives\n\n* mlprimitives.timeseries primitives for timeseries data preprocessing\n* mlprimitives.timeseres_error primitives for timeseries anomaly detection\n* keras.Sequential.LSTMTimeSeriesRegressor\n* sklearn.neighbors.KNeighbors Classifier and Regressor\n* several sklearn.decomposition primitives\n* several sklearn.ensemble primitives\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* Fix typo in mlprimitives.text.TextCleaner primitive\n* Fix bug in index handling in featuretools.dfs primitive\n* Fix bug in SingleLayerCNNImageClassifier annotation\n* Remove old vlaidation tags from JSON annotations\n\n## 0.1.3\n\n### New Features\n\n* Fix and re-enable featuretools.dfs primitive.\n\n## 0.1.2\n\n### New Features\n\n* Add pipeline specification language and Evaluation utilities.\n* Add pipelines for graph, text and tabular problems.\n* New primitives ClassEncoder and ClassDecoder\n* New primitives UniqueCounter and VocabularyCounter\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* Fix TrivialPredictor bug when working with numpy arrays\n* Change XGB default learning rate and number of estimators\n\n\n## 0.1.1\n\n### New Features\n\n* Add more keras.applications primitives.\n* Add a Text Cleanup primitive.\n\n### Bug Fixes\n\n* Add keywords to `keras.preprocessing` primtives.\n* Fix the `image_transform` method.\n* Add `epoch` as a fixed hyperparameter for `keras.Sequential` primitives.\n\n## 0.1.0\n\n* First release on PyPI.\n",
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