# python-dotenv
[![Build Status][build_status_badge]][build_status_link]
[![PyPI version][pypi_badge]][pypi_link]
Python-dotenv reads key-value pairs from a `.env` file and can set them as environment
variables. It helps in the development of applications following the
[12-factor](https://12factor.net/) principles.
- [Getting Started](#getting-started)
- [Other Use Cases](#other-use-cases)
* [Load configuration without altering the environment](#load-configuration-without-altering-the-environment)
* [Parse configuration as a stream](#parse-configuration-as-a-stream)
* [Load .env files in IPython](#load-env-files-in-ipython)
- [Command-line Interface](#command-line-interface)
- [File format](#file-format)
* [Multiline values](#multiline-values)
* [Variable expansion](#variable-expansion)
- [Related Projects](#related-projects)
- [Acknowledgements](#acknowledgements)
## Getting Started
```shell
pip install python-dotenv
```
If your application takes its configuration from environment variables, like a 12-factor
application, launching it in development is not very practical because you have to set
those environment variables yourself.
To help you with that, you can add Python-dotenv to your application to make it load the
configuration from a `.env` file when it is present (e.g. in development) while remaining
configurable via the environment:
```python
from dotenv import load_dotenv
load_dotenv() # take environment variables from .env.
# Code of your application, which uses environment variables (e.g. from `os.environ` or
# `os.getenv`) as if they came from the actual environment.
```
By default, `load_dotenv` doesn't override existing environment variables.
To configure the development environment, add a `.env` in the root directory of your
project:
```
.
├── .env
└── foo.py
```
The syntax of `.env` files supported by python-dotenv is similar to that of Bash:
```bash
# Development settings
DOMAIN=example.org
ADMIN_EMAIL=admin@${DOMAIN}
ROOT_URL=${DOMAIN}/app
```
If you use variables in values, ensure they are surrounded with `{` and `}`, like
`${DOMAIN}`, as bare variables such as `$DOMAIN` are not expanded.
You will probably want to add `.env` to your `.gitignore`, especially if it contains
secrets like a password.
See the section "File format" below for more information about what you can write in a
`.env` file.
## Other Use Cases
### Load configuration without altering the environment
The function `dotenv_values` works more or less the same way as `load_dotenv`, except it
doesn't touch the environment, it just returns a `dict` with the values parsed from the
`.env` file.
```python
from dotenv import dotenv_values
config = dotenv_values(".env") # config = {"USER": "foo", "EMAIL": "foo@example.org"}
```
This notably enables advanced configuration management:
```python
import os
from dotenv import dotenv_values
config = {
**dotenv_values(".env.shared"), # load shared development variables
**dotenv_values(".env.secret"), # load sensitive variables
**os.environ, # override loaded values with environment variables
}
```
### Parse configuration as a stream
`load_dotenv` and `dotenv_values` accept [streams][python_streams] via their `stream`
argument. It is thus possible to load the variables from sources other than the
filesystem (e.g. the network).
```python
from io import StringIO
from dotenv import load_dotenv
config = StringIO("USER=foo\nEMAIL=foo@example.org")
load_dotenv(stream=config)
```
### Load .env files in IPython
You can use dotenv in IPython. By default, it will use `find_dotenv` to search for a
`.env` file:
```python
%load_ext dotenv
%dotenv
```
You can also specify a path:
```python
%dotenv relative/or/absolute/path/to/.env
```
Optional flags:
- `-o` to override existing variables.
- `-v` for increased verbosity.
## Command-line Interface
A CLI interface `dotenv` is also included, which helps you manipulate the `.env` file
without manually opening it.
```shell
$ pip install "python-dotenv[cli]"
$ dotenv set USER foo
$ dotenv set EMAIL foo@example.org
$ dotenv list
USER=foo
EMAIL=foo@example.org
$ dotenv list --format=json
{
"USER": "foo",
"EMAIL": "foo@example.org"
}
$ dotenv run -- python foo.py
```
Run `dotenv --help` for more information about the options and subcommands.
## File format
The format is not formally specified and still improves over time. That being said,
`.env` files should mostly look like Bash files.
Keys can be unquoted or single-quoted. Values can be unquoted, single- or double-quoted.
Spaces before and after keys, equal signs, and values are ignored. Values can be followed
by a comment. Lines can start with the `export` directive, which does not affect their
interpretation.
Allowed escape sequences:
- in single-quoted values: `\\`, `\'`
- in double-quoted values: `\\`, `\'`, `\"`, `\a`, `\b`, `\f`, `\n`, `\r`, `\t`, `\v`
### Multiline values
It is possible for single- or double-quoted values to span multiple lines. The following
examples are equivalent:
```bash
FOO="first line
second line"
```
```bash
FOO="first line\nsecond line"
```
### Variable without a value
A variable can have no value:
```bash
FOO
```
It results in `dotenv_values` associating that variable name with the value `None` (e.g.
`{"FOO": None}`. `load_dotenv`, on the other hand, simply ignores such variables.
This shouldn't be confused with `FOO=`, in which case the variable is associated with the
empty string.
### Variable expansion
Python-dotenv can interpolate variables using POSIX variable expansion.
With `load_dotenv(override=True)` or `dotenv_values()`, the value of a variable is the
first of the values defined in the following list:
- Value of that variable in the `.env` file.
- Value of that variable in the environment.
- Default value, if provided.
- Empty string.
With `load_dotenv(override=False)`, the value of a variable is the first of the values
defined in the following list:
- Value of that variable in the environment.
- Value of that variable in the `.env` file.
- Default value, if provided.
- Empty string.
## Related Projects
- [Honcho](https://github.com/nickstenning/honcho) - For managing
Procfile-based applications.
- [django-dotenv](https://github.com/jpadilla/django-dotenv)
- [django-environ](https://github.com/joke2k/django-environ)
- [django-environ-2](https://github.com/sergeyklay/django-environ-2)
- [django-configuration](https://github.com/jezdez/django-configurations)
- [dump-env](https://github.com/sobolevn/dump-env)
- [environs](https://github.com/sloria/environs)
- [dynaconf](https://github.com/rochacbruno/dynaconf)
- [parse_it](https://github.com/naorlivne/parse_it)
- [python-decouple](https://github.com/HBNetwork/python-decouple)
## Acknowledgements
This project is currently maintained by [Saurabh Kumar](https://saurabh-kumar.com) and
[Bertrand Bonnefoy-Claudet](https://github.com/bbc2) and would not have been possible
without the support of these [awesome
people](https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/graphs/contributors).
[build_status_badge]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg
[build_status_link]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/actions/workflows/test.yml
[pypi_badge]: https://badge.fury.io/py/python-dotenv.svg
[pypi_link]: https://badge.fury.io/py/python-dotenv
[python_streams]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/io.html
# Changelog
All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/), and this
project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
## [1.0.1] - 2024-01-23
**Fixed**
* Gracefully handle code which has been imported from a zipfile ([#456] by [@samwyma])
* Allow modules using load_dotenv to be reloaded when launched in a separate thread ([#497] by [@freddyaboulton])
* Fix file not closed after deletion, handle error in the rewrite function ([#469] by [@Qwerty-133])
**Misc**
* Use pathlib.Path in tests ([#466] by [@eumiro])
* Fix year in release date in changelog.md ([#454] by [@jankislinger])
* Use https in README links ([#474] by [@Nicals])
## [1.0.0] - 2023-02-24
**Fixed**
* Drop support for python 3.7, add python 3.12-dev (#449 by [@theskumar])
* Handle situations where the cwd does not exist. (#446 by [@jctanner])
## [0.21.1] - 2023-01-21
**Added**
* Use Python 3.11 non-beta in CI (#438 by [@bbc2])
* Modernize variables code (#434 by [@Nougat-Waffle])
* Modernize main.py and parser.py code (#435 by [@Nougat-Waffle])
* Improve conciseness of cli.py and __init__.py (#439 by [@Nougat-Waffle])
* Improve error message for `get` and `list` commands when env file can't be opened (#441 by [@bbc2])
* Updated License to align with BSD OSI template (#433 by [@lsmith77])
**Fixed**
* Fix Out-of-scope error when "dest" variable is undefined (#413 by [@theGOTOguy])
* Fix IPython test warning about deprecated `magic` (#440 by [@bbc2])
* Fix type hint for dotenv_path var, add StrPath alias (#432 by [@eaf])
## [0.21.0] - 2022-09-03
**Added**
* CLI: add support for invocations via 'python -m'. (#395 by [@theskumar])
* `load_dotenv` function now returns `False`. (#388 by [@larsks])
* CLI: add --format= option to list command. (#407 by [@sammck])
**Fixed**
* Drop Python 3.5 and 3.6 and upgrade GA (#393 by [@eggplants])
* Use `open` instead of `io.open`. (#389 by [@rabinadk1])
* Improve documentation for variables without a value (#390 by [@bbc2])
* Add `parse_it` to Related Projects (#410 by [@naorlivne])
* Update README.md (#415 by [@harveer07])
* Improve documentation with direct use of MkDocs (#398 by [@bbc2])
## [0.20.0] - 2022-03-24
**Added**
- Add `encoding` (`Optional[str]`) parameter to `get_key`, `set_key` and `unset_key`.
(#379 by [@bbc2])
**Fixed**
- Use dict to specify the `entry_points` parameter of `setuptools.setup` (#376 by
[@mgorny]).
- Don't build universal wheels (#387 by [@bbc2]).
## [0.19.2] - 2021-11-11
**Fixed**
- In `set_key`, add missing newline character before new entry if necessary. (#361 by
[@bbc2])
## [0.19.1] - 2021-08-09
**Added**
- Add support for Python 3.10. (#359 by [@theskumar])
## [0.19.0] - 2021-07-24
**Changed**
- Require Python 3.5 or a later version. Python 2 and 3.4 are no longer supported. (#341
by [@bbc2]).
**Added**
- The `dotenv_path` argument of `set_key` and `unset_key` now has a type of `Union[str,
os.PathLike]` instead of just `os.PathLike` (#347 by [@bbc2]).
- The `stream` argument of `load_dotenv` and `dotenv_values` can now be a text stream
(`IO[str]`), which includes values like `io.StringIO("foo")` and `open("file.env",
"r")` (#348 by [@bbc2]).
## [0.18.0] - 2021-06-20
**Changed**
- Raise `ValueError` if `quote_mode` isn't one of `always`, `auto` or `never` in
`set_key` (#330 by [@bbc2]).
- When writing a value to a .env file with `set_key` or `dotenv set <key> <value>` (#330
by [@bbc2]):
- Use single quotes instead of double quotes.
- Don't strip surrounding quotes.
- In `auto` mode, don't add quotes if the value is only made of alphanumeric characters
(as determined by `string.isalnum`).
## [0.17.1] - 2021-04-29
**Fixed**
- Fixed tests for build environments relying on `PYTHONPATH` (#318 by [@befeleme]).
## [0.17.0] - 2021-04-02
**Changed**
- Make `dotenv get <key>` only show the value, not `key=value` (#313 by [@bbc2]).
**Added**
- Add `--override`/`--no-override` option to `dotenv run` (#312 by [@zueve] and [@bbc2]).
## [0.16.0] - 2021-03-27
**Changed**
- The default value of the `encoding` parameter for `load_dotenv` and `dotenv_values` is
now `"utf-8"` instead of `None` (#306 by [@bbc2]).
- Fix resolution order in variable expansion with `override=False` (#287 by [@bbc2]).
## [0.15.0] - 2020-10-28
**Added**
- Add `--export` option to `set` to make it prepend the binding with `export` (#270 by
[@jadutter]).
**Changed**
- Make `set` command create the `.env` file in the current directory if no `.env` file was
found (#270 by [@jadutter]).
**Fixed**
- Fix potentially empty expanded value for duplicate key (#260 by [@bbc2]).
- Fix import error on Python 3.5.0 and 3.5.1 (#267 by [@gongqingkui]).
- Fix parsing of unquoted values containing several adjacent space or tab characters
(#277 by [@bbc2], review by [@x-yuri]).
## [0.14.0] - 2020-07-03
**Changed**
- Privilege definition in file over the environment in variable expansion (#256 by
[@elbehery95]).
**Fixed**
- Improve error message for when file isn't found (#245 by [@snobu]).
- Use HTTPS URL in package meta data (#251 by [@ekohl]).
## [0.13.0] - 2020-04-16
**Added**
- Add support for a Bash-like default value in variable expansion (#248 by [@bbc2]).
## [0.12.0] - 2020-02-28
**Changed**
- Use current working directory to find `.env` when bundled by PyInstaller (#213 by
[@gergelyk]).
**Fixed**
- Fix escaping of quoted values written by `set_key` (#236 by [@bbc2]).
- Fix `dotenv run` crashing on environment variables without values (#237 by [@yannham]).
- Remove warning when last line is empty (#238 by [@bbc2]).
## [0.11.0] - 2020-02-07
**Added**
- Add `interpolate` argument to `load_dotenv` and `dotenv_values` to disable interpolation
(#232 by [@ulyssessouza]).
**Changed**
- Use logging instead of warnings (#231 by [@bbc2]).
**Fixed**
- Fix installation in non-UTF-8 environments (#225 by [@altendky]).
- Fix PyPI classifiers (#228 by [@bbc2]).
## [0.10.5] - 2020-01-19
**Fixed**
- Fix handling of malformed lines and lines without a value (#222 by [@bbc2]):
- Don't print warning when key has no value.
- Reject more malformed lines (e.g. "A: B", "a='b',c").
- Fix handling of lines with just a comment (#224 by [@bbc2]).
## [0.10.4] - 2020-01-17
**Added**
- Make typing optional (#179 by [@techalchemy]).
- Print a warning on malformed line (#211 by [@bbc2]).
- Support keys without a value (#220 by [@ulyssessouza]).
## 0.10.3
- Improve interactive mode detection ([@andrewsmith])([#183]).
- Refactor parser to fix parsing inconsistencies ([@bbc2])([#170]).
- Interpret escapes as control characters only in double-quoted strings.
- Interpret `#` as start of comment only if preceded by whitespace.
## 0.10.2
- Add type hints and expose them to users ([@qnighy])([#172])
- `load_dotenv` and `dotenv_values` now accept an `encoding` parameter, defaults to `None`
([@theskumar])([@earlbread])([#161])
- Fix `str`/`unicode` inconsistency in Python 2: values are always `str` now. ([@bbc2])([#121])
- Fix Unicode error in Python 2, introduced in 0.10.0. ([@bbc2])([#176])
## 0.10.1
- Fix parsing of variable without a value ([@asyncee])([@bbc2])([#158])
## 0.10.0
- Add support for UTF-8 in unquoted values ([@bbc2])([#148])
- Add support for trailing comments ([@bbc2])([#148])
- Add backslashes support in values ([@bbc2])([#148])
- Add support for newlines in values ([@bbc2])([#148])
- Force environment variables to str with Python2 on Windows ([@greyli])
- Drop Python 3.3 support ([@greyli])
- Fix stderr/-out/-in redirection ([@venthur])
## 0.9.0
- Add `--version` parameter to cli ([@venthur])
- Enable loading from current directory ([@cjauvin])
- Add 'dotenv run' command for calling arbitrary shell script with .env ([@venthur])
## 0.8.1
- Add tests for docs ([@Flimm])
- Make 'cli' support optional. Use `pip install python-dotenv[cli]`. ([@theskumar])
## 0.8.0
- `set_key` and `unset_key` only modified the affected file instead of
parsing and re-writing file, this causes comments and other file
entact as it is.
- Add support for `export` prefix in the line.
- Internal refractoring ([@theskumar])
- Allow `load_dotenv` and `dotenv_values` to work with `StringIO())` ([@alanjds])([@theskumar])([#78])
## 0.7.1
- Remove hard dependency on iPython ([@theskumar])
## 0.7.0
- Add support to override system environment variable via .env.
([@milonimrod](https://github.com/milonimrod))
([\#63](https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/63))
- Disable ".env not found" warning by default
([@maxkoryukov](https://github.com/maxkoryukov))
([\#57](https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/57))
## 0.6.5
- Add support for special characters `\`.
([@pjona](https://github.com/pjona))
([\#60](https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/60))
## 0.6.4
- Fix issue with single quotes ([@Flimm])
([\#52](https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/52))
## 0.6.3
- Handle unicode exception in setup.py
([\#46](https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/46))
## 0.6.2
- Fix dotenv list command ([@ticosax](https://github.com/ticosax))
- Add iPython Support
([@tillahoffmann](https://github.com/tillahoffmann))
## 0.6.0
- Drop support for Python 2.6
- Handle escaped characters and newlines in quoted values. (Thanks
[@iameugenejo](https://github.com/iameugenejo))
- Remove any spaces around unquoted key/value. (Thanks
[@paulochf](https://github.com/paulochf))
- Added POSIX variable expansion. (Thanks
[@hugochinchilla](https://github.com/hugochinchilla))
## 0.5.1
- Fix find\_dotenv - it now start search from the file where this
function is called from.
## 0.5.0
- Add `find_dotenv` method that will try to find a `.env` file.
(Thanks [@isms](https://github.com/isms))
## 0.4.0
- cli: Added `-q/--quote` option to control the behaviour of quotes
around values in `.env`. (Thanks
[@hugochinchilla](https://github.com/hugochinchilla)).
- Improved test coverage.
[#78]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/78
[#121]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/121
[#148]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/148
[#158]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/158
[#170]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/170
[#172]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/172
[#176]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/176
[#183]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/183
[#359]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/359
[#469]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/469
[#456]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/456
[#466]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/466
[#454]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/454
[#474]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/474
[@alanjds]: https://github.com/alanjds
[@altendky]: https://github.com/altendky
[@andrewsmith]: https://github.com/andrewsmith
[@asyncee]: https://github.com/asyncee
[@bbc2]: https://github.com/bbc2
[@befeleme]: https://github.com/befeleme
[@cjauvin]: https://github.com/cjauvin
[@eaf]: https://github.com/eaf
[@earlbread]: https://github.com/earlbread
[@eggplants]: https://github.com/@eggplants
[@ekohl]: https://github.com/ekohl
[@elbehery95]: https://github.com/elbehery95
[@eumiro]: https://github.com/eumiro
[@Flimm]: https://github.com/Flimm
[@freddyaboulton]: https://github.com/freddyaboulton
[@gergelyk]: https://github.com/gergelyk
[@gongqingkui]: https://github.com/gongqingkui
[@greyli]: https://github.com/greyli
[@harveer07]: https://github.com/@harveer07
[@jadutter]: https://github.com/jadutter
[@jankislinger]: https://github.com/jankislinger
[@jctanner]: https://github.com/jctanner
[@larsks]: https://github.com/@larsks
[@lsmith77]: https://github.com/lsmith77
[@mgorny]: https://github.com/mgorny
[@naorlivne]: https://github.com/@naorlivne
[@Nicals]: https://github.com/Nicals
[@Nougat-Waffle]: https://github.com/Nougat-Waffle
[@qnighy]: https://github.com/qnighy
[@Qwerty-133]: https://github.com/Qwerty-133
[@rabinadk1]: https://github.com/@rabinadk1
[@sammck]: https://github.com/@sammck
[@samwyma]: https://github.com/samwyma
[@snobu]: https://github.com/snobu
[@techalchemy]: https://github.com/techalchemy
[@theGOTOguy]: https://github.com/theGOTOguy
[@theskumar]: https://github.com/theskumar
[@ulyssessouza]: https://github.com/ulyssessouza
[@venthur]: https://github.com/venthur
[@x-yuri]: https://github.com/x-yuri
[@yannham]: https://github.com/yannham
[@zueve]: https://github.com/zueve
[Unreleased]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v1.0.1...HEAD
[1.0.1]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v1.0.0...v1.0.1
[1.0.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.21.0...v1.0.0
[0.21.1]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.21.0...v0.21.1
[0.21.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.20.0...v0.21.0
[0.20.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.19.2...v0.20.0
[0.19.2]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.19.1...v0.19.2
[0.19.1]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.19.0...v0.19.1
[0.19.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.18.0...v0.19.0
[0.18.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.17.1...v0.18.0
[0.17.1]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.17.0...v0.17.1
[0.17.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.16.0...v0.17.0
[0.16.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.15.0...v0.16.0
[0.15.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.14.0...v0.15.0
[0.14.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.13.0...v0.14.0
[0.13.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.12.0...v0.13.0
[0.12.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.11.0...v0.12.0
[0.11.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.10.5...v0.11.0
[0.10.5]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.10.4...v0.10.5
[0.10.4]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.10.3...v0.10.4
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"description": "# python-dotenv\n\n[![Build Status][build_status_badge]][build_status_link]\n[![PyPI version][pypi_badge]][pypi_link]\n\nPython-dotenv reads key-value pairs from a `.env` file and can set them as environment\nvariables. It helps in the development of applications following the\n[12-factor](https://12factor.net/) principles.\n\n- [Getting Started](#getting-started)\n- [Other Use Cases](#other-use-cases)\n * [Load configuration without altering the environment](#load-configuration-without-altering-the-environment)\n * [Parse configuration as a stream](#parse-configuration-as-a-stream)\n * [Load .env files in IPython](#load-env-files-in-ipython)\n- [Command-line Interface](#command-line-interface)\n- [File format](#file-format)\n * [Multiline values](#multiline-values)\n * [Variable expansion](#variable-expansion)\n- [Related Projects](#related-projects)\n- [Acknowledgements](#acknowledgements)\n\n## Getting Started\n\n```shell\npip install python-dotenv\n```\n\nIf your application takes its configuration from environment variables, like a 12-factor\napplication, launching it in development is not very practical because you have to set\nthose environment variables yourself.\n\nTo help you with that, you can add Python-dotenv to your application to make it load the\nconfiguration from a `.env` file when it is present (e.g. in development) while remaining\nconfigurable via the environment:\n\n```python\nfrom dotenv import load_dotenv\n\nload_dotenv() # take environment variables from .env.\n\n# Code of your application, which uses environment variables (e.g. from `os.environ` or\n# `os.getenv`) as if they came from the actual environment.\n```\n\nBy default, `load_dotenv` doesn't override existing environment variables.\n\nTo configure the development environment, add a `.env` in the root directory of your\nproject:\n\n```\n.\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 .env\n\u2514\u2500\u2500 foo.py\n```\n\nThe syntax of `.env` files supported by python-dotenv is similar to that of Bash:\n\n```bash\n# Development settings\nDOMAIN=example.org\nADMIN_EMAIL=admin@${DOMAIN}\nROOT_URL=${DOMAIN}/app\n```\n\nIf you use variables in values, ensure they are surrounded with `{` and `}`, like\n`${DOMAIN}`, as bare variables such as `$DOMAIN` are not expanded.\n\nYou will probably want to add `.env` to your `.gitignore`, especially if it contains\nsecrets like a password.\n\nSee the section \"File format\" below for more information about what you can write in a\n`.env` file.\n\n## Other Use Cases\n\n### Load configuration without altering the environment\n\nThe function `dotenv_values` works more or less the same way as `load_dotenv`, except it\ndoesn't touch the environment, it just returns a `dict` with the values parsed from the\n`.env` file.\n\n```python\nfrom dotenv import dotenv_values\n\nconfig = dotenv_values(\".env\") # config = {\"USER\": \"foo\", \"EMAIL\": \"foo@example.org\"}\n```\n\nThis notably enables advanced configuration management:\n\n```python\nimport os\nfrom dotenv import dotenv_values\n\nconfig = {\n **dotenv_values(\".env.shared\"), # load shared development variables\n **dotenv_values(\".env.secret\"), # load sensitive variables\n **os.environ, # override loaded values with environment variables\n}\n```\n\n### Parse configuration as a stream\n\n`load_dotenv` and `dotenv_values` accept [streams][python_streams] via their `stream`\nargument. It is thus possible to load the variables from sources other than the\nfilesystem (e.g. the network).\n\n```python\nfrom io import StringIO\n\nfrom dotenv import load_dotenv\n\nconfig = StringIO(\"USER=foo\\nEMAIL=foo@example.org\")\nload_dotenv(stream=config)\n```\n\n### Load .env files in IPython\n\nYou can use dotenv in IPython. By default, it will use `find_dotenv` to search for a\n`.env` file:\n\n```python\n%load_ext dotenv\n%dotenv\n```\n\nYou can also specify a path:\n\n```python\n%dotenv relative/or/absolute/path/to/.env\n```\n\nOptional flags:\n\n- `-o` to override existing variables.\n- `-v` for increased verbosity.\n\n## Command-line Interface\n\nA CLI interface `dotenv` is also included, which helps you manipulate the `.env` file\nwithout manually opening it.\n\n```shell\n$ pip install \"python-dotenv[cli]\"\n$ dotenv set USER foo\n$ dotenv set EMAIL foo@example.org\n$ dotenv list\nUSER=foo\nEMAIL=foo@example.org\n$ dotenv list --format=json\n{\n \"USER\": \"foo\",\n \"EMAIL\": \"foo@example.org\"\n}\n$ dotenv run -- python foo.py\n```\n\nRun `dotenv --help` for more information about the options and subcommands.\n\n## File format\n\nThe format is not formally specified and still improves over time. That being said,\n`.env` files should mostly look like Bash files.\n\nKeys can be unquoted or single-quoted. Values can be unquoted, single- or double-quoted.\nSpaces before and after keys, equal signs, and values are ignored. Values can be followed\nby a comment. Lines can start with the `export` directive, which does not affect their\ninterpretation.\n\nAllowed escape sequences:\n\n- in single-quoted values: `\\\\`, `\\'`\n- in double-quoted values: `\\\\`, `\\'`, `\\\"`, `\\a`, `\\b`, `\\f`, `\\n`, `\\r`, `\\t`, `\\v`\n\n### Multiline values\n\nIt is possible for single- or double-quoted values to span multiple lines. The following\nexamples are equivalent:\n\n```bash\nFOO=\"first line\nsecond line\"\n```\n\n```bash\nFOO=\"first line\\nsecond line\"\n```\n\n### Variable without a value\n\nA variable can have no value:\n\n```bash\nFOO\n```\n\nIt results in `dotenv_values` associating that variable name with the value `None` (e.g.\n`{\"FOO\": None}`. `load_dotenv`, on the other hand, simply ignores such variables.\n\nThis shouldn't be confused with `FOO=`, in which case the variable is associated with the\nempty string.\n\n### Variable expansion\n\nPython-dotenv can interpolate variables using POSIX variable expansion.\n\nWith `load_dotenv(override=True)` or `dotenv_values()`, the value of a variable is the\nfirst of the values defined in the following list:\n\n- Value of that variable in the `.env` file.\n- Value of that variable in the environment.\n- Default value, if provided.\n- Empty string.\n\nWith `load_dotenv(override=False)`, the value of a variable is the first of the values\ndefined in the following list:\n\n- Value of that variable in the environment.\n- Value of that variable in the `.env` file.\n- Default value, if provided.\n- Empty string.\n\n## Related Projects\n\n- [Honcho](https://github.com/nickstenning/honcho) - For managing\n Procfile-based applications.\n- [django-dotenv](https://github.com/jpadilla/django-dotenv)\n- [django-environ](https://github.com/joke2k/django-environ)\n- [django-environ-2](https://github.com/sergeyklay/django-environ-2)\n- [django-configuration](https://github.com/jezdez/django-configurations)\n- [dump-env](https://github.com/sobolevn/dump-env)\n- [environs](https://github.com/sloria/environs)\n- [dynaconf](https://github.com/rochacbruno/dynaconf)\n- [parse_it](https://github.com/naorlivne/parse_it)\n- [python-decouple](https://github.com/HBNetwork/python-decouple)\n\n## Acknowledgements\n\nThis project is currently maintained by [Saurabh Kumar](https://saurabh-kumar.com) and\n[Bertrand Bonnefoy-Claudet](https://github.com/bbc2) and would not have been possible\nwithout the support of these [awesome\npeople](https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/graphs/contributors).\n\n[build_status_badge]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg\n[build_status_link]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/actions/workflows/test.yml\n[pypi_badge]: https://badge.fury.io/py/python-dotenv.svg\n[pypi_link]: https://badge.fury.io/py/python-dotenv\n[python_streams]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/io.html\n\n# Changelog\n\nAll notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.\n\nThe format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/), and this\nproject adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).\n\n## [1.0.1] - 2024-01-23\n\n**Fixed**\n\n* Gracefully handle code which has been imported from a zipfile ([#456] by [@samwyma])\n* Allow modules using load_dotenv to be reloaded when launched in a separate thread ([#497] by [@freddyaboulton])\n* Fix file not closed after deletion, handle error in the rewrite function ([#469] by [@Qwerty-133])\n\n**Misc**\n* Use pathlib.Path in tests ([#466] by [@eumiro])\n* Fix year in release date in changelog.md ([#454] by [@jankislinger])\n* Use https in README links ([#474] by [@Nicals])\n\n## [1.0.0] - 2023-02-24\n\n**Fixed**\n\n* Drop support for python 3.7, add python 3.12-dev (#449 by [@theskumar])\n* Handle situations where the cwd does not exist. (#446 by [@jctanner])\n\n## [0.21.1] - 2023-01-21\n\n**Added**\n\n* Use Python 3.11 non-beta in CI (#438 by [@bbc2])\n* Modernize variables code (#434 by [@Nougat-Waffle])\n* Modernize main.py and parser.py code (#435 by [@Nougat-Waffle])\n* Improve conciseness of cli.py and __init__.py (#439 by [@Nougat-Waffle])\n* Improve error message for `get` and `list` commands when env file can't be opened (#441 by [@bbc2])\n* Updated License to align with BSD OSI template (#433 by [@lsmith77])\n\n\n**Fixed**\n\n* Fix Out-of-scope error when \"dest\" variable is undefined (#413 by [@theGOTOguy])\n* Fix IPython test warning about deprecated `magic` (#440 by [@bbc2])\n* Fix type hint for dotenv_path var, add StrPath alias (#432 by [@eaf])\n\n## [0.21.0] - 2022-09-03\n\n**Added**\n\n* CLI: add support for invocations via 'python -m'. (#395 by [@theskumar])\n* `load_dotenv` function now returns `False`. (#388 by [@larsks])\n* CLI: add --format= option to list command. (#407 by [@sammck])\n\n**Fixed**\n\n* Drop Python 3.5 and 3.6 and upgrade GA (#393 by [@eggplants])\n* Use `open` instead of `io.open`. (#389 by [@rabinadk1])\n* Improve documentation for variables without a value (#390 by [@bbc2])\n* Add `parse_it` to Related Projects (#410 by [@naorlivne])\n* Update README.md (#415 by [@harveer07])\n* Improve documentation with direct use of MkDocs (#398 by [@bbc2])\n\n## [0.20.0] - 2022-03-24\n\n**Added**\n\n- Add `encoding` (`Optional[str]`) parameter to `get_key`, `set_key` and `unset_key`.\n (#379 by [@bbc2])\n\n**Fixed**\n\n- Use dict to specify the `entry_points` parameter of `setuptools.setup` (#376 by\n [@mgorny]).\n- Don't build universal wheels (#387 by [@bbc2]).\n\n## [0.19.2] - 2021-11-11\n\n**Fixed**\n\n- In `set_key`, add missing newline character before new entry if necessary. (#361 by\n [@bbc2])\n\n## [0.19.1] - 2021-08-09\n\n**Added**\n\n- Add support for Python 3.10. (#359 by [@theskumar])\n\n## [0.19.0] - 2021-07-24\n\n**Changed**\n\n- Require Python 3.5 or a later version. Python 2 and 3.4 are no longer supported. (#341\n by [@bbc2]).\n\n**Added**\n\n- The `dotenv_path` argument of `set_key` and `unset_key` now has a type of `Union[str,\n os.PathLike]` instead of just `os.PathLike` (#347 by [@bbc2]).\n- The `stream` argument of `load_dotenv` and `dotenv_values` can now be a text stream\n (`IO[str]`), which includes values like `io.StringIO(\"foo\")` and `open(\"file.env\",\n \"r\")` (#348 by [@bbc2]).\n\n## [0.18.0] - 2021-06-20\n\n**Changed**\n\n- Raise `ValueError` if `quote_mode` isn't one of `always`, `auto` or `never` in\n `set_key` (#330 by [@bbc2]).\n- When writing a value to a .env file with `set_key` or `dotenv set <key> <value>` (#330\n by [@bbc2]):\n - Use single quotes instead of double quotes.\n - Don't strip surrounding quotes.\n - In `auto` mode, don't add quotes if the value is only made of alphanumeric characters\n (as determined by `string.isalnum`).\n\n## [0.17.1] - 2021-04-29\n\n**Fixed**\n\n- Fixed tests for build environments relying on `PYTHONPATH` (#318 by [@befeleme]).\n\n## [0.17.0] - 2021-04-02\n\n**Changed**\n\n- Make `dotenv get <key>` only show the value, not `key=value` (#313 by [@bbc2]).\n\n**Added**\n\n- Add `--override`/`--no-override` option to `dotenv run` (#312 by [@zueve] and [@bbc2]).\n\n## [0.16.0] - 2021-03-27\n\n**Changed**\n\n- The default value of the `encoding` parameter for `load_dotenv` and `dotenv_values` is\n now `\"utf-8\"` instead of `None` (#306 by [@bbc2]).\n- Fix resolution order in variable expansion with `override=False` (#287 by [@bbc2]).\n\n## [0.15.0] - 2020-10-28\n\n**Added**\n\n- Add `--export` option to `set` to make it prepend the binding with `export` (#270 by\n [@jadutter]).\n\n**Changed**\n\n- Make `set` command create the `.env` file in the current directory if no `.env` file was\n found (#270 by [@jadutter]).\n\n**Fixed**\n\n- Fix potentially empty expanded value for duplicate key (#260 by [@bbc2]).\n- Fix import error on Python 3.5.0 and 3.5.1 (#267 by [@gongqingkui]).\n- Fix parsing of unquoted values containing several adjacent space or tab characters\n (#277 by [@bbc2], review by [@x-yuri]).\n\n## [0.14.0] - 2020-07-03\n\n**Changed**\n\n- Privilege definition in file over the environment in variable expansion (#256 by\n [@elbehery95]).\n\n**Fixed**\n\n- Improve error message for when file isn't found (#245 by [@snobu]).\n- Use HTTPS URL in package meta data (#251 by [@ekohl]).\n\n## [0.13.0] - 2020-04-16\n\n**Added**\n\n- Add support for a Bash-like default value in variable expansion (#248 by [@bbc2]).\n\n## [0.12.0] - 2020-02-28\n\n**Changed**\n\n- Use current working directory to find `.env` when bundled by PyInstaller (#213 by\n [@gergelyk]).\n\n**Fixed**\n\n- Fix escaping of quoted values written by `set_key` (#236 by [@bbc2]).\n- Fix `dotenv run` crashing on environment variables without values (#237 by [@yannham]).\n- Remove warning when last line is empty (#238 by [@bbc2]).\n\n## [0.11.0] - 2020-02-07\n\n**Added**\n\n- Add `interpolate` argument to `load_dotenv` and `dotenv_values` to disable interpolation\n (#232 by [@ulyssessouza]).\n\n**Changed**\n\n- Use logging instead of warnings (#231 by [@bbc2]).\n\n**Fixed**\n\n- Fix installation in non-UTF-8 environments (#225 by [@altendky]).\n- Fix PyPI classifiers (#228 by [@bbc2]).\n\n## [0.10.5] - 2020-01-19\n\n**Fixed**\n\n- Fix handling of malformed lines and lines without a value (#222 by [@bbc2]):\n - Don't print warning when key has no value.\n - Reject more malformed lines (e.g. \"A: B\", \"a='b',c\").\n- Fix handling of lines with just a comment (#224 by [@bbc2]).\n\n## [0.10.4] - 2020-01-17\n\n**Added**\n\n- Make typing optional (#179 by [@techalchemy]).\n- Print a warning on malformed line (#211 by [@bbc2]).\n- Support keys without a value (#220 by [@ulyssessouza]).\n\n## 0.10.3\n\n- Improve interactive mode detection ([@andrewsmith])([#183]).\n- Refactor parser to fix parsing inconsistencies ([@bbc2])([#170]).\n - Interpret escapes as control characters only in double-quoted strings.\n - Interpret `#` as start of comment only if preceded by whitespace.\n\n## 0.10.2\n\n- Add type hints and expose them to users ([@qnighy])([#172])\n- `load_dotenv` and `dotenv_values` now accept an `encoding` parameter, defaults to `None`\n ([@theskumar])([@earlbread])([#161])\n- Fix `str`/`unicode` inconsistency in Python 2: values are always `str` now. ([@bbc2])([#121])\n- Fix Unicode error in Python 2, introduced in 0.10.0. ([@bbc2])([#176])\n\n## 0.10.1\n- Fix parsing of variable without a value ([@asyncee])([@bbc2])([#158])\n\n## 0.10.0\n\n- Add support for UTF-8 in unquoted values ([@bbc2])([#148])\n- Add support for trailing comments ([@bbc2])([#148])\n- Add backslashes support in values ([@bbc2])([#148])\n- Add support for newlines in values ([@bbc2])([#148])\n- Force environment variables to str with Python2 on Windows ([@greyli])\n- Drop Python 3.3 support ([@greyli])\n- Fix stderr/-out/-in redirection ([@venthur])\n\n\n## 0.9.0\n\n- Add `--version` parameter to cli ([@venthur])\n- Enable loading from current directory ([@cjauvin])\n- Add 'dotenv run' command for calling arbitrary shell script with .env ([@venthur])\n\n## 0.8.1\n\n- Add tests for docs ([@Flimm])\n- Make 'cli' support optional. Use `pip install python-dotenv[cli]`. ([@theskumar])\n\n## 0.8.0\n\n- `set_key` and `unset_key` only modified the affected file instead of\n parsing and re-writing file, this causes comments and other file\n entact as it is.\n- Add support for `export` prefix in the line.\n- Internal refractoring ([@theskumar])\n- Allow `load_dotenv` and `dotenv_values` to work with `StringIO())` ([@alanjds])([@theskumar])([#78])\n\n## 0.7.1\n\n- Remove hard dependency on iPython ([@theskumar])\n\n## 0.7.0\n\n- Add support to override system environment variable via .env.\n ([@milonimrod](https://github.com/milonimrod))\n ([\\#63](https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/63))\n- Disable \".env not found\" warning by default\n ([@maxkoryukov](https://github.com/maxkoryukov))\n ([\\#57](https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/57))\n\n## 0.6.5\n\n- Add support for special characters `\\`.\n ([@pjona](https://github.com/pjona))\n ([\\#60](https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/60))\n\n## 0.6.4\n\n- Fix issue with single quotes ([@Flimm])\n ([\\#52](https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/52))\n\n## 0.6.3\n\n- Handle unicode exception in setup.py\n ([\\#46](https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/46))\n\n## 0.6.2\n\n- Fix dotenv list command ([@ticosax](https://github.com/ticosax))\n- Add iPython Support\n ([@tillahoffmann](https://github.com/tillahoffmann))\n\n## 0.6.0\n\n- Drop support for Python 2.6\n- Handle escaped characters and newlines in quoted values. (Thanks\n [@iameugenejo](https://github.com/iameugenejo))\n- Remove any spaces around unquoted key/value. (Thanks\n [@paulochf](https://github.com/paulochf))\n- Added POSIX variable expansion. (Thanks\n [@hugochinchilla](https://github.com/hugochinchilla))\n\n## 0.5.1\n\n- Fix find\\_dotenv - it now start search from the file where this\n function is called from.\n\n## 0.5.0\n\n- Add `find_dotenv` method that will try to find a `.env` file.\n (Thanks [@isms](https://github.com/isms))\n\n## 0.4.0\n\n- cli: Added `-q/--quote` option to control the behaviour of quotes\n around values in `.env`. (Thanks\n [@hugochinchilla](https://github.com/hugochinchilla)).\n- Improved test coverage.\n\n[#78]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/78\n[#121]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/121\n[#148]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/148\n[#158]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/158\n[#170]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/170\n[#172]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/172\n[#176]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/176\n[#183]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/183\n[#359]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/359\n[#469]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/469\n[#456]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/456\n[#466]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/466\n[#454]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/454\n[#474]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/issues/474\n\n[@alanjds]: https://github.com/alanjds\n[@altendky]: https://github.com/altendky\n[@andrewsmith]: https://github.com/andrewsmith\n[@asyncee]: https://github.com/asyncee\n[@bbc2]: https://github.com/bbc2\n[@befeleme]: https://github.com/befeleme\n[@cjauvin]: https://github.com/cjauvin\n[@eaf]: https://github.com/eaf\n[@earlbread]: https://github.com/earlbread\n[@eggplants]: https://github.com/@eggplants\n[@ekohl]: https://github.com/ekohl\n[@elbehery95]: https://github.com/elbehery95\n[@eumiro]: https://github.com/eumiro\n[@Flimm]: https://github.com/Flimm\n[@freddyaboulton]: https://github.com/freddyaboulton\n[@gergelyk]: https://github.com/gergelyk\n[@gongqingkui]: https://github.com/gongqingkui\n[@greyli]: https://github.com/greyli\n[@harveer07]: https://github.com/@harveer07\n[@jadutter]: https://github.com/jadutter\n[@jankislinger]: https://github.com/jankislinger\n[@jctanner]: https://github.com/jctanner\n[@larsks]: https://github.com/@larsks\n[@lsmith77]: https://github.com/lsmith77\n[@mgorny]: https://github.com/mgorny\n[@naorlivne]: https://github.com/@naorlivne\n[@Nicals]: https://github.com/Nicals\n[@Nougat-Waffle]: https://github.com/Nougat-Waffle\n[@qnighy]: https://github.com/qnighy\n[@Qwerty-133]: https://github.com/Qwerty-133\n[@rabinadk1]: https://github.com/@rabinadk1\n[@sammck]: https://github.com/@sammck\n[@samwyma]: https://github.com/samwyma\n[@snobu]: https://github.com/snobu\n[@techalchemy]: https://github.com/techalchemy\n[@theGOTOguy]: https://github.com/theGOTOguy\n[@theskumar]: https://github.com/theskumar\n[@ulyssessouza]: https://github.com/ulyssessouza\n[@venthur]: https://github.com/venthur\n[@x-yuri]: https://github.com/x-yuri\n[@yannham]: https://github.com/yannham\n[@zueve]: https://github.com/zueve\n\n\n[Unreleased]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v1.0.1...HEAD\n[1.0.1]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v1.0.0...v1.0.1\n[1.0.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.21.0...v1.0.0\n[0.21.1]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.21.0...v0.21.1\n[0.21.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.20.0...v0.21.0\n[0.20.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.19.2...v0.20.0\n[0.19.2]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.19.1...v0.19.2\n[0.19.1]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.19.0...v0.19.1\n[0.19.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.18.0...v0.19.0\n[0.18.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.17.1...v0.18.0\n[0.17.1]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.17.0...v0.17.1\n[0.17.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.16.0...v0.17.0\n[0.16.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.15.0...v0.16.0\n[0.15.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.14.0...v0.15.0\n[0.14.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.13.0...v0.14.0\n[0.13.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.12.0...v0.13.0\n[0.12.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.11.0...v0.12.0\n[0.11.0]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.10.5...v0.11.0\n[0.10.5]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.10.4...v0.10.5\n[0.10.4]: https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv/compare/v0.10.3...v0.10.4\n",
"bugtrack_url": null,
"license": "BSD-3-Clause",
"summary": "Read key-value pairs from a .env file and set them as environment variables",
"version": "1.0.1",
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"Homepage": "https://github.com/theskumar/python-dotenv"
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