radioactivedecay


Nameradioactivedecay JSON
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SummaryA Python package for radioactive decay modelling that supports 1252 radionuclides, decay chains, branching, and metastable states.
upload_time2025-01-08 15:24:53
maintainerNone
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authorThom Lemoine, Ian Cullen, other contributors
requires_python>=3.9
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keywords radioactivity radioactive decay nuclides radiation physics radiological protection health physics half-life
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***

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``radioactivedecay`` is a Python package for radioactive decay calculations.
It supports decay chains of radionuclides, metastable states and branching
decays. By default it uses the decay data from ICRP Publication 107, which
contains 1252 radionuclides of 97 elements, and atomic mass data from the
Atomic Mass Data Center.

The code solves the radioactive decay differential equations analytically using
NumPy and SciPy linear algebra routines. There is also a high numerical
precision calculation mode employing SymPy routines. This gives more accurate
results for decay chains containing radionuclides with orders of magnitude
differences between the half-lives.

This is free-to-use open source software. It was created for engineers,
technicians and researchers who work with radioactivity, and for
educational use.

- **Full Documentation**: 
[https://radioactivedecay.github.io/](https://radioactivedecay.github.io/)


## Installation

``radioactivedecay`` requires Python 3.9+. Install ``radioactivedecay`` from
the [Python Package Index](https://pypi.org/project/radioactivedecay/) using
``pip``:

```console
$ pip install radioactivedecay
```

or from [conda-forge](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/radioactivedecay):

```console
$ conda install -c conda-forge radioactivedecay
```

Either command will attempt to install the dependencies (Matplotlib, NetworkX,
NumPy, Pandas, SciPy, Setuptools & SymPy) if they are not already present in
the environment.


## Usage

### Decay calculations

Create an ``Inventory`` of radionuclides and decay it as follows:

```pycon
>>> import radioactivedecay as rd
>>> Mo99_t0 = rd.Inventory({'Mo-99': 2.0}, 'Bq')
>>> Mo99_t1 = Mo99_t0.decay(20.0, 'h')
>>> Mo99_t1.activities('Bq')
{'Mo-99': 1.6207863893776937, 'Ru-99': 0.0,
 'Tc-99': 9.05304236308454e-09, 'Tc-99m': 1.3719829376710406}
```

An ``Inventory`` of 2.0 Bq of Mo-99 was decayed for 20 hours, producing the
radioactive progeny Tc-99m and Tc-99, and the stable nuclide Ru-99.

We supplied ``'h'`` as an argument to ``decay()`` to specify the decay time
period had units of hours. Supported time units include ``'μs'``, ``'ms'``,
``'s'``, ``'m'``, ``'h'``, ``'d'``, ``'y'`` etc. Note seconds (``'s'``) is the
default if no unit is supplied to ``decay()``.

Use `cumulative_decays()` to calculate the total number of atoms of each
radionuclide that decay over the decay time period:

```pycon
>>> Mo99_t0.cumulative_decays(20.0, 'h')
{'Mo-99': 129870.3165339939, 'Tc-99m': 71074.31925850797,
'Tc-99': 0.0002724635511147602}
```

Radionuclides can be specified in four equivalent ways in ``radioactivedecay``:
three variations of nuclide strings or by
[canonical ids](https://pyne.io/usersguide/nucname.html). For example, the
following are equivalent ways of specifying <sup>222</sup>Rn and
<sup>192n</sup>Ir:

* ``'Rn-222'``, ``'Rn222'``, ``'222Rn'``, ``862220000``,
* ``'Ir-192n'``, ``'Ir192n'``, ``'192nIr'``, ``771920002``.

Inventories can be created by supplying activity (``'Bq'``, ``'Ci'``,
``'dpm'``...), mass (``'g'``, ``'kg'``...), mole (``'mol'``, ``'kmol'``...)
units, or numbers of nuclei (``'num'``) to the ``Inventory()`` constructor. Use
the methods ``activities()``, ``masses()``, ``moles()``, ``numbers()``,
``activity_fractions()``, ``mass_fractions()`` and ``mole_fractions()`` to
obtain the contents of the inventory in different formats:

```pycon
>>> H3_t0 = rd.Inventory({'H-3': 3.0}, 'g')
>>> H3_t1 = H3_t0.decay(12.32, 'y')
>>> H3_t1.masses('g')
{'H-3': 1.5, 'He-3': 1.4999900734297729}
>>> H3_t1.mass_fractions()
{'H-3': 0.5000016544338455, 'He-3': 0.4999983455661545}

>>> C14_t0 = rd.Inventory({'C-14': 3.2E24}, 'num')
>>> C14_t1 = C14_t0.decay(3000, 'y')
>>> C14_t1.moles('mol')
{'C-14': 3.6894551567795797, 'N-14': 1.6242698581767292}
>>> C14_t1.mole_fractions()
{'C-14': 0.6943255713073281, 'N-14': 0.3056744286926719}
```


### Plotting decay graphs

Use the ``plot()`` method to graph of the decay of an inventory over time:

```pycon
>>> Mo99_t0.plot(20, 'd', yunits='Bq')
```

<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/main/docs/source/images/Mo-99_decay.png" alt="Mo-99 decay graph" width="450"/>

The graph shows the decay of Mo-99 over 20 days, leading to the ingrowth of
Tc-99m and a trace quantity of Tc-99. The activity of Ru-99 is strictly zero as
it is the stable nuclide at the end of the decay chain. Graphs are drawn using
Matplotlib.


### Fetching decay data

The ``Nuclide`` class can be used to fetch decay information for
individual radionuclides, e.g. for Rn-222:

```pycon
>>> nuc = rd.Nuclide('Rn-222')
>>> nuc.half_life('s')
330350.4
>>> nuc.half_life('readable')
'3.8235 d'
>>> nuc.progeny()
['Po-218']
>>> nuc.branching_fractions()
[1.0]
>>> nuc.decay_modes()
['α']
>>> nuc.Z  # proton number
86
>>> nuc.A  # nucleon number
222
>>> nuc.atomic_mass  # atomic mass in g/mol
222.01757601699998
```

There are similar inventory methods for fetching decay data:

```pycon
>>> Mo99_t1.half_lives('readable')
{'Mo-99': '65.94 h', 'Ru-99': 'stable', 'Tc-99': '0.2111 My', 'Tc-99m': '6.015 h'}
>>> Mo99_t1.progeny()
{'Mo-99': ['Tc-99m', 'Tc-99'], 'Ru-99': [], 'Tc-99': ['Ru-99'], 'Tc-99m': ['Tc-99', 'Ru-99']}
>>> Mo99_t1.branching_fractions()
{'Mo-99': [0.8773, 0.1227], 'Ru-99': [], 'Tc-99': [1.0], 'Tc-99m': [0.99996, 3.7e-05]}
>>> Mo99_t1.decay_modes()
{'Mo-99': ['β-', 'β-'], 'Ru-99': [], 'Tc-99': ['β-'], 'Tc-99m': ['IT', 'β-']}
```


### Decay chain diagrams

The ``Nuclide`` class includes a `plot()` method for drawing decay chain
diagrams:

```pycon
>>> nuc = rd.Nuclide('Mo-99')
>>> nuc.plot()
```

<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/main/docs/source/images/Mo-99_chain.png" alt="Mo-99 decay chain" width="300"/>

These diagrams are drawn using NetworkX and Matplotlib.


### High numerical precision decay calculations

``radioactivedecay`` includes an ``InventoryHP`` class for high numerical
precision calculations. This class can give more reliable decay calculation
results for chains containing long- and short-lived radionuclides:

```pycon
>>> U238_t0 = rd.InventoryHP({'U-238': 1.0})
>>> U238_t1 = U238_t0.decay(10.0, 'd')
>>> U238_t1.activities()
{'At-218': 1.4511675857141352e-25,
 'Bi-210': 1.8093327888942224e-26,
 'Bi-214': 7.09819414496093e-22,
 'Hg-206': 1.9873081129046843e-33,
 'Pa-234': 0.00038581180879502017,
 'Pa-234m': 0.24992285949158477,
 'Pb-206': 0.0,
 'Pb-210': 1.0508864357335218e-25,
 'Pb-214': 7.163682655782086e-22,
 'Po-210': 1.171277829871092e-28,
 'Po-214': 7.096704966148592e-22,
 'Po-218': 7.255923469955255e-22,
 'Ra-226': 2.6127168262000313e-21,
 'Rn-218': 1.4511671865210924e-28,
 'Rn-222': 7.266530698712501e-22,
 'Th-230': 8.690585458641225e-16,
 'Th-234': 0.2499481473619856,
 'Tl-206': 2.579902288672889e-32,
 'Tl-210': 1.4897029111914831e-25,
 'U-234': 1.0119788393651999e-08,
 'U-238': 0.9999999999957525}
```


## How radioactivedecay works

``radioactivedecay`` calculates an analytical solution to the radioactive decay
differential equations using linear algebra operations. It implements the
method described in this paper:
[M Amaku, PR Pascholati & VR Vanin, Comp. Phys. Comm. 181, 21-23
(2010)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2009.08.011). See the
[theory docpage](https://radioactivedecay.github.io/theory.html) for more
details.

It uses NumPy and SciPy routines for standard decay calculations
(double-precision floating-point operations), and SymPy for arbitrary numerical
precision calculations.

By default ``radioactivedecay`` uses decay data from
[ICRP Publication 107
(2008)](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/ANIB_38_3) and atomic mass
data from the [Atomic Mass Data Center](https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/)
(AMDC - AME2020 and Nubase2020 evaluations).

The [datasets repo](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/datasets) contains
Jupyter Notebooks for creating decay datasets that can be used by
``radioactivedecay``, e.g. [ICRP
107](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/datasets/blob/main/icrp107_ame2020_nubase2020/icrp107_dataset.ipynb).

The [comparisons repo](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/comparisons)
contains some checks of ``radioactivedecay`` against
[PyNE](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/comparisons/blob/main/pyne/rd_pyne_truncated_compare.ipynb)
and [Radiological
Toolbox](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/comparisons/blob/main/radiological_toolbox/radiological_toolbox_compare.ipynb).


## Tests

From the base directory run:

```console
$ python -m unittest discover
```


## License

``radioactivedecay`` is open source software released under the MIT License.
See [LICENSE](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/blob/main/LICENSE)
file for details.

The default decay data used by ``radioactivedecay`` (ICRP-107) is copyright
2008 A. Endo and K.F. Eckerman and distributed under a separate
[license](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/blob/main/LICENSE.ICRP-07).
The default atomic mass data is from AMDC
([license](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/blob/main/LICENSE.AMDC)).


## Citation

If you find this package useful for your research, please consider citing the
paper on ``radioactivedecay`` published in the
[Journal of Open Source Software](https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03318):

> Alex Malins & Thom Lemoine, *radioactivedecay: A Python package for radioactive decay
calculations*. Journal of Open Source Software, **7** (71), 3318 (2022). DOI:
[10.21105/joss.03318](https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03318).


## Contributing

Contributors are welcome to fix bugs, add new features or make feature
requests. Please open an Issue, Pull Request or new Discussions thread at
[GitHub repository](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay).

Please read the
[contribution guidelines](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md).


            

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    "keywords": "radioactivity, radioactive, decay, nuclides, radiation, physics, radiological protection, health physics, half-life",
    "author": "Thom Lemoine, Ian Cullen, other contributors",
    "author_email": "Alex Malins <github@alexmalinsREMOVETHIS.com>",
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    "description": "\ufeff<img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/main/docs/source/images/radioactivedecay.png\" alt=\"radioactivedecay logo\" width=\"500\"/>\n\n***\n\n[![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/radioactivedecay)](https://pypi.org/project/radioactivedecay/)\n[![Conda](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/radioactivedecay/badges/version.svg)](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/radioactivedecay)\n[![Python Version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/radioactivedecay)](https://pypi.org/project/radioactivedecay/)\n[![Latest Documentation](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-latest-brightgreen)](https://radioactivedecay.github.io/)\n[![Tests](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/actions/workflows/1_tests.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/actions/workflows/1_tests.yml)\n[![Tests Coverage](https://codecov.io/gh/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/branch/master/graph/badge.svg?token=RX5HSELRYH)](https://codecov.io/gh/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay)\n[![Code Style: Black](https://img.shields.io/badge/code%20style-black-000000.svg)](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/actions/workflows/3_code_formatting.yml)\n[![DOI](https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.03318/status.svg)](https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03318)\n[![Downloads](https://static.pepy.tech/badge/radioactivedecay)](https://pepy.tech/project/radioactivedecay)\n\n``radioactivedecay`` is a Python package for radioactive decay calculations.\nIt supports decay chains of radionuclides, metastable states and branching\ndecays. By default it uses the decay data from ICRP Publication 107, which\ncontains 1252 radionuclides of 97 elements, and atomic mass data from the\nAtomic Mass Data Center.\n\nThe code solves the radioactive decay differential equations analytically using\nNumPy and SciPy linear algebra routines. There is also a high numerical\nprecision calculation mode employing SymPy routines. This gives more accurate\nresults for decay chains containing radionuclides with orders of magnitude\ndifferences between the half-lives.\n\nThis is free-to-use open source software. It was created for engineers,\ntechnicians and researchers who work with radioactivity, and for\neducational use.\n\n- **Full Documentation**: \n[https://radioactivedecay.github.io/](https://radioactivedecay.github.io/)\n\n\n## Installation\n\n``radioactivedecay`` requires Python 3.9+. Install ``radioactivedecay`` from\nthe [Python Package Index](https://pypi.org/project/radioactivedecay/) using\n``pip``:\n\n```console\n$ pip install radioactivedecay\n```\n\nor from [conda-forge](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/radioactivedecay):\n\n```console\n$ conda install -c conda-forge radioactivedecay\n```\n\nEither command will attempt to install the dependencies (Matplotlib, NetworkX,\nNumPy, Pandas, SciPy, Setuptools & SymPy) if they are not already present in\nthe environment.\n\n\n## Usage\n\n### Decay calculations\n\nCreate an ``Inventory`` of radionuclides and decay it as follows:\n\n```pycon\n>>> import radioactivedecay as rd\n>>> Mo99_t0 = rd.Inventory({'Mo-99': 2.0}, 'Bq')\n>>> Mo99_t1 = Mo99_t0.decay(20.0, 'h')\n>>> Mo99_t1.activities('Bq')\n{'Mo-99': 1.6207863893776937, 'Ru-99': 0.0,\n 'Tc-99': 9.05304236308454e-09, 'Tc-99m': 1.3719829376710406}\n```\n\nAn ``Inventory`` of 2.0 Bq of Mo-99 was decayed for 20 hours, producing the\nradioactive progeny Tc-99m and Tc-99, and the stable nuclide Ru-99.\n\nWe supplied ``'h'`` as an argument to ``decay()`` to specify the decay time\nperiod had units of hours. Supported time units include ``'\u03bcs'``, ``'ms'``,\n``'s'``, ``'m'``, ``'h'``, ``'d'``, ``'y'`` etc. Note seconds (``'s'``) is the\ndefault if no unit is supplied to ``decay()``.\n\nUse `cumulative_decays()` to calculate the total number of atoms of each\nradionuclide that decay over the decay time period:\n\n```pycon\n>>> Mo99_t0.cumulative_decays(20.0, 'h')\n{'Mo-99': 129870.3165339939, 'Tc-99m': 71074.31925850797,\n'Tc-99': 0.0002724635511147602}\n```\n\nRadionuclides can be specified in four equivalent ways in ``radioactivedecay``:\nthree variations of nuclide strings or by\n[canonical ids](https://pyne.io/usersguide/nucname.html). For example, the\nfollowing are equivalent ways of specifying <sup>222</sup>Rn and\n<sup>192n</sup>Ir:\n\n* ``'Rn-222'``, ``'Rn222'``, ``'222Rn'``, ``862220000``,\n* ``'Ir-192n'``, ``'Ir192n'``, ``'192nIr'``, ``771920002``.\n\nInventories can be created by supplying activity (``'Bq'``, ``'Ci'``,\n``'dpm'``...), mass (``'g'``, ``'kg'``...), mole (``'mol'``, ``'kmol'``...)\nunits, or numbers of nuclei (``'num'``) to the ``Inventory()`` constructor. Use\nthe methods ``activities()``, ``masses()``, ``moles()``, ``numbers()``,\n``activity_fractions()``, ``mass_fractions()`` and ``mole_fractions()`` to\nobtain the contents of the inventory in different formats:\n\n```pycon\n>>> H3_t0 = rd.Inventory({'H-3': 3.0}, 'g')\n>>> H3_t1 = H3_t0.decay(12.32, 'y')\n>>> H3_t1.masses('g')\n{'H-3': 1.5, 'He-3': 1.4999900734297729}\n>>> H3_t1.mass_fractions()\n{'H-3': 0.5000016544338455, 'He-3': 0.4999983455661545}\n\n>>> C14_t0 = rd.Inventory({'C-14': 3.2E24}, 'num')\n>>> C14_t1 = C14_t0.decay(3000, 'y')\n>>> C14_t1.moles('mol')\n{'C-14': 3.6894551567795797, 'N-14': 1.6242698581767292}\n>>> C14_t1.mole_fractions()\n{'C-14': 0.6943255713073281, 'N-14': 0.3056744286926719}\n```\n\n\n### Plotting decay graphs\n\nUse the ``plot()`` method to graph of the decay of an inventory over time:\n\n```pycon\n>>> Mo99_t0.plot(20, 'd', yunits='Bq')\n```\n\n<img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/main/docs/source/images/Mo-99_decay.png\" alt=\"Mo-99 decay graph\" width=\"450\"/>\n\nThe graph shows the decay of Mo-99 over 20 days, leading to the ingrowth of\nTc-99m and a trace quantity of Tc-99. The activity of Ru-99 is strictly zero as\nit is the stable nuclide at the end of the decay chain. Graphs are drawn using\nMatplotlib.\n\n\n### Fetching decay data\n\nThe ``Nuclide`` class can be used to fetch decay information for\nindividual radionuclides, e.g. for Rn-222:\n\n```pycon\n>>> nuc = rd.Nuclide('Rn-222')\n>>> nuc.half_life('s')\n330350.4\n>>> nuc.half_life('readable')\n'3.8235 d'\n>>> nuc.progeny()\n['Po-218']\n>>> nuc.branching_fractions()\n[1.0]\n>>> nuc.decay_modes()\n['\u03b1']\n>>> nuc.Z  # proton number\n86\n>>> nuc.A  # nucleon number\n222\n>>> nuc.atomic_mass  # atomic mass in g/mol\n222.01757601699998\n```\n\nThere are similar inventory methods for fetching decay data:\n\n```pycon\n>>> Mo99_t1.half_lives('readable')\n{'Mo-99': '65.94 h', 'Ru-99': 'stable', 'Tc-99': '0.2111 My', 'Tc-99m': '6.015 h'}\n>>> Mo99_t1.progeny()\n{'Mo-99': ['Tc-99m', 'Tc-99'], 'Ru-99': [], 'Tc-99': ['Ru-99'], 'Tc-99m': ['Tc-99', 'Ru-99']}\n>>> Mo99_t1.branching_fractions()\n{'Mo-99': [0.8773, 0.1227], 'Ru-99': [], 'Tc-99': [1.0], 'Tc-99m': [0.99996, 3.7e-05]}\n>>> Mo99_t1.decay_modes()\n{'Mo-99': ['\u03b2-', '\u03b2-'], 'Ru-99': [], 'Tc-99': ['\u03b2-'], 'Tc-99m': ['IT', '\u03b2-']}\n```\n\n\n### Decay chain diagrams\n\nThe ``Nuclide`` class includes a `plot()` method for drawing decay chain\ndiagrams:\n\n```pycon\n>>> nuc = rd.Nuclide('Mo-99')\n>>> nuc.plot()\n```\n\n<img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/main/docs/source/images/Mo-99_chain.png\" alt=\"Mo-99 decay chain\" width=\"300\"/>\n\nThese diagrams are drawn using NetworkX and Matplotlib.\n\n\n### High numerical precision decay calculations\n\n``radioactivedecay`` includes an ``InventoryHP`` class for high numerical\nprecision calculations. This class can give more reliable decay calculation\nresults for chains containing long- and short-lived radionuclides:\n\n```pycon\n>>> U238_t0 = rd.InventoryHP({'U-238': 1.0})\n>>> U238_t1 = U238_t0.decay(10.0, 'd')\n>>> U238_t1.activities()\n{'At-218': 1.4511675857141352e-25,\n 'Bi-210': 1.8093327888942224e-26,\n 'Bi-214': 7.09819414496093e-22,\n 'Hg-206': 1.9873081129046843e-33,\n 'Pa-234': 0.00038581180879502017,\n 'Pa-234m': 0.24992285949158477,\n 'Pb-206': 0.0,\n 'Pb-210': 1.0508864357335218e-25,\n 'Pb-214': 7.163682655782086e-22,\n 'Po-210': 1.171277829871092e-28,\n 'Po-214': 7.096704966148592e-22,\n 'Po-218': 7.255923469955255e-22,\n 'Ra-226': 2.6127168262000313e-21,\n 'Rn-218': 1.4511671865210924e-28,\n 'Rn-222': 7.266530698712501e-22,\n 'Th-230': 8.690585458641225e-16,\n 'Th-234': 0.2499481473619856,\n 'Tl-206': 2.579902288672889e-32,\n 'Tl-210': 1.4897029111914831e-25,\n 'U-234': 1.0119788393651999e-08,\n 'U-238': 0.9999999999957525}\n```\n\n\n## How radioactivedecay works\n\n``radioactivedecay`` calculates an analytical solution to the radioactive decay\ndifferential equations using linear algebra operations. It implements the\nmethod described in this paper:\n[M Amaku, PR Pascholati & VR Vanin, Comp. Phys. Comm. 181, 21-23\n(2010)](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2009.08.011). See the\n[theory docpage](https://radioactivedecay.github.io/theory.html) for more\ndetails.\n\nIt uses NumPy and SciPy routines for standard decay calculations\n(double-precision floating-point operations), and SymPy for arbitrary numerical\nprecision calculations.\n\nBy default ``radioactivedecay`` uses decay data from\n[ICRP Publication 107\n(2008)](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/ANIB_38_3) and atomic mass\ndata from the [Atomic Mass Data Center](https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/)\n(AMDC - AME2020 and Nubase2020 evaluations).\n\nThe [datasets repo](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/datasets) contains\nJupyter Notebooks for creating decay datasets that can be used by\n``radioactivedecay``, e.g. [ICRP\n107](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/datasets/blob/main/icrp107_ame2020_nubase2020/icrp107_dataset.ipynb).\n\nThe [comparisons repo](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/comparisons)\ncontains some checks of ``radioactivedecay`` against\n[PyNE](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/comparisons/blob/main/pyne/rd_pyne_truncated_compare.ipynb)\nand [Radiological\nToolbox](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/comparisons/blob/main/radiological_toolbox/radiological_toolbox_compare.ipynb).\n\n\n## Tests\n\nFrom the base directory run:\n\n```console\n$ python -m unittest discover\n```\n\n\n## License\n\n``radioactivedecay`` is open source software released under the MIT License.\nSee [LICENSE](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/blob/main/LICENSE)\nfile for details.\n\nThe default decay data used by ``radioactivedecay`` (ICRP-107) is copyright\n2008 A. Endo and K.F. Eckerman and distributed under a separate\n[license](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/blob/main/LICENSE.ICRP-07).\nThe default atomic mass data is from AMDC\n([license](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/blob/main/LICENSE.AMDC)).\n\n\n## Citation\n\nIf you find this package useful for your research, please consider citing the\npaper on ``radioactivedecay`` published in the\n[Journal of Open Source Software](https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03318):\n\n> Alex Malins & Thom Lemoine, *radioactivedecay: A Python package for radioactive decay\ncalculations*. Journal of Open Source Software, **7** (71), 3318 (2022). DOI:\n[10.21105/joss.03318](https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03318).\n\n\n## Contributing\n\nContributors are welcome to fix bugs, add new features or make feature\nrequests. Please open an Issue, Pull Request or new Discussions thread at\n[GitHub repository](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay).\n\nPlease read the\n[contribution guidelines](https://github.com/radioactivedecay/radioactivedecay/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md).\n\n",
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