========
Overview
========
Serialization library for Exceptions and Tracebacks.
* Free software: BSD license
It allows you to:
* `Pickle <https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html>`_ tracebacks and raise exceptions
with pickled tracebacks in different processes. This allows better error handling when running
code over multiple processes (imagine multiprocessing, billiard, futures, celery etc).
* Create traceback objects from strings (the ``from_string`` method). *No pickling is used*.
* Serialize tracebacks to/from plain dicts (the ``from_dict`` and ``to_dict`` methods). *No pickling is used*.
* Raise the tracebacks created from the aforementioned sources.
* Pickle an Exception together with its traceback and exception chain
(``raise ... from ...``) *(Python 3 only)*
**Again, note that using the pickle support is completely optional. You are solely responsible for
security problems should you decide to use the pickle support.**
Installation
============
::
pip install tblib
Documentation
=============
.. contents::
:local:
Pickling tracebacks
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
**Note**: The traceback objects that come out are stripped of some attributes (like variables). But you'll be able to raise exceptions with
those tracebacks or print them - that should cover 99% of the usecases.
::
>>> from tblib import pickling_support
>>> pickling_support.install()
>>> import pickle, sys
>>> def inner_0():
... raise Exception('fail')
...
>>> def inner_1():
... inner_0()
...
>>> def inner_2():
... inner_1()
...
>>> try:
... inner_2()
... except:
... s1 = pickle.dumps(sys.exc_info())
...
>>> len(s1) > 1
True
>>> try:
... inner_2()
... except:
... s2 = pickle.dumps(sys.exc_info(), protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
...
>>> len(s2) > 1
True
>>> try:
... import cPickle
... except ImportError:
... import pickle as cPickle
>>> try:
... inner_2()
... except:
... s3 = cPickle.dumps(sys.exc_info(), protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)
...
>>> len(s3) > 1
True
Unpickling tracebacks
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
::
>>> pickle.loads(s1)
(<...Exception'>, Exception('fail'...), <traceback object at ...>)
>>> pickle.loads(s2)
(<...Exception'>, Exception('fail'...), <traceback object at ...>)
>>> pickle.loads(s3)
(<...Exception'>, Exception('fail'...), <traceback object at ...>)
Raising
~~~~~~~
::
>>> from six import reraise
>>> reraise(*pickle.loads(s1))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
File "<doctest README.rst[14]>", line 1, in <module>
reraise(*pickle.loads(s2))
File "<doctest README.rst[8]>", line 2, in <module>
inner_2()
File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
inner_1()
File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
inner_0()
File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
raise Exception('fail')
Exception: fail
>>> reraise(*pickle.loads(s2))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
File "<doctest README.rst[14]>", line 1, in <module>
reraise(*pickle.loads(s2))
File "<doctest README.rst[8]>", line 2, in <module>
inner_2()
File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
inner_1()
File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
inner_0()
File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
raise Exception('fail')
Exception: fail
>>> reraise(*pickle.loads(s3))
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
File "<doctest README.rst[14]>", line 1, in <module>
reraise(*pickle.loads(s2))
File "<doctest README.rst[8]>", line 2, in <module>
inner_2()
File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
inner_1()
File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
inner_0()
File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
raise Exception('fail')
Exception: fail
Pickling Exceptions together with their traceback and chain (Python 3 only)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
::
>>> try: # doctest: +SKIP
... try:
... 1 / 0
... except Exception as e:
... raise Exception("foo") from e
... except Exception as e:
... s = pickle.dumps(e)
>>> raise pickle.loads(s) # doctest: +SKIP
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<doctest README.rst[16]>", line 3, in <module>
1 / 0
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<doctest README.rst[17]>", line 1, in <module>
raise pickle.loads(s)
File "<doctest README.rst[16]>", line 5, in <module>
raise Exception("foo") from e
Exception: foo
BaseException subclasses defined after calling ``pickling_support.install()`` will
**not** retain their traceback and exception chain pickling.
To cover custom Exceptions, there are three options:
1. Use ``@pickling_support.install`` as a decorator for each custom Exception
.. code-block:: python
>>> from tblib import pickling_support
>>> # Declare all imports of your package's dependencies
>>> import numpy # doctest: +SKIP
>>> pickling_support.install() # install for all modules imported so far
>>> @pickling_support.install
... class CustomError(Exception):
... pass
Eventual subclasses of ``CustomError`` will need to be decorated again.
2. Invoke ``pickling_support.install()`` after all modules have been imported and all
Exception subclasses have been declared
.. code-block:: python
>>> # Declare all imports of your package's dependencies
>>> import numpy # doctest: +SKIP
>>> from tblib import pickling_support
>>> # Declare your own custom Exceptions
>>> class CustomError(Exception):
... pass
>>> # Finally, install tblib
>>> pickling_support.install()
3. Selectively install tblib for Exception instances just before they are pickled
.. code-block:: python
pickling_support.install(<Exception instance>, [Exception instance], ...)
The above will install tblib pickling for all listed exceptions as well as any other
exceptions in their exception chains.
For example, one could write a wrapper to be used with
`ProcessPoolExecutor <https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html>`_,
`Dask.distributed <https://distributed.dask.org/>`_, or similar libraries:
::
>>> from tblib import pickling_support
>>> def wrapper(func, *args, **kwargs):
... try:
... return func(*args, **kwargs)
... except Exception as e:
... pickling_support.install(e)
... raise
What if we have a local stack, does it show correctly ?
-------------------------------------------------------
Yes it does::
>>> exc_info = pickle.loads(s3)
>>> def local_0():
... reraise(*exc_info)
...
>>> def local_1():
... local_0()
...
>>> def local_2():
... local_1()
...
>>> local_2()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "...doctest.py", line ..., in __run
compileflags, 1) in test.globs
File "<doctest README.rst[24]>", line 1, in <module>
local_2()
File "<doctest README.rst[23]>", line 2, in local_2
local_1()
File "<doctest README.rst[22]>", line 2, in local_1
local_0()
File "<doctest README.rst[21]>", line 2, in local_0
reraise(*exc_info)
File "<doctest README.rst[11]>", line 2, in <module>
inner_2()
File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
inner_1()
File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
inner_0()
File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
raise Exception('fail')
Exception: fail
It also supports more contrived scenarios
-----------------------------------------
Like tracebacks with syntax errors::
>>> from tblib import Traceback
>>> from examples import bad_syntax
>>> try:
... bad_syntax()
... except:
... et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()
... tb = Traceback(tb)
...
>>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
File "<doctest README.rst[58]>", line 1, in <module>
reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
File "<doctest README.rst[57]>", line 2, in <module>
bad_syntax()
File "...tests...examples.py", line 18, in bad_syntax
import badsyntax
File "...tests...badsyntax.py", line 5
is very bad
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Or other import failures::
>>> from examples import bad_module
>>> try:
... bad_module()
... except:
... et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()
... tb = Traceback(tb)
...
>>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
File "<doctest README.rst[61]>", line 1, in <module>
reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
File "<doctest README.rst[60]>", line 2, in <module>
bad_module()
File "...tests...examples.py", line 23, in bad_module
import badmodule
File "...tests...badmodule.py", line 3, in <module>
raise Exception("boom!")
Exception: boom!
Or a traceback that's caused by exceeding the recursion limit (here we're
forcing the type and value to have consistency across platforms)::
>>> def f(): f()
>>> try:
... f()
... except RuntimeError:
... et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()
... tb = Traceback(tb)
...
>>> reraise(RuntimeError, RuntimeError("maximum recursion depth exceeded"), tb.as_traceback())
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
File "<doctest README.rst[32]>", line 1, in f
def f(): f()
File "<doctest README.rst[32]>", line 1, in f
def f(): f()
File "<doctest README.rst[32]>", line 1, in f
def f(): f()
...
RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded
Reference
~~~~~~~~~
tblib.Traceback
---------------
It is used by the ``pickling_support``. You can use it too if you want more flexibility::
>>> from tblib import Traceback
>>> try:
... inner_2()
... except:
... et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()
... tb = Traceback(tb)
...
>>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
File "<doctest README.rst[21]>", line 6, in <module>
reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
File "<doctest README.rst[21]>", line 2, in <module>
inner_2()
File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
inner_1()
File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
inner_0()
File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
raise Exception('fail')
Exception: fail
tblib.Traceback.to_dict
```````````````````````
You can use the ``to_dict`` method and the ``from_dict`` classmethod to
convert a Traceback into and from a dictionary serializable by the stdlib
json.JSONDecoder::
>>> import json
>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> try:
... inner_2()
... except:
... et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()
... tb = Traceback(tb)
... tb_dict = tb.to_dict()
... pprint(tb_dict)
{'tb_frame': {'f_code': {'co_filename': '<doctest README.rst[...]>',
'co_name': '<module>'},
'f_globals': {'__name__': '__main__'},
'f_lineno': 5},
'tb_lineno': 2,
'tb_next': {'tb_frame': {'f_code': {'co_filename': ...,
'co_name': 'inner_2'},
'f_globals': {'__name__': '__main__'},
'f_lineno': 2},
'tb_lineno': 2,
'tb_next': {'tb_frame': {'f_code': {'co_filename': ...,
'co_name': 'inner_1'},
'f_globals': {'__name__': '__main__'},
'f_lineno': 2},
'tb_lineno': 2,
'tb_next': {'tb_frame': {'f_code': {'co_filename': ...,
'co_name': 'inner_0'},
'f_globals': {'__name__': '__main__'},
'f_lineno': 2},
'tb_lineno': 2,
'tb_next': None}}}}
tblib.Traceback.from_dict
`````````````````````````
Building on the previous example::
>>> tb_json = json.dumps(tb_dict)
>>> tb = Traceback.from_dict(json.loads(tb_json))
>>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
File "<doctest README.rst[21]>", line 6, in <module>
reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
File "<doctest README.rst[21]>", line 2, in <module>
inner_2()
File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
inner_1()
File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
inner_0()
File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
raise Exception('fail')
Exception: fail
tblib.Traceback.from_string
```````````````````````````
::
>>> tb = Traceback.from_string("""
... File "skipped.py", line 123, in func_123
... Traceback (most recent call last):
... File "tests/examples.py", line 2, in func_a
... func_b()
... File "tests/examples.py", line 6, in func_b
... func_c()
... File "tests/examples.py", line 10, in func_c
... func_d()
... File "tests/examples.py", line 14, in func_d
... Doesn't: matter
... """)
>>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
File "<doctest README.rst[42]>", line 6, in <module>
reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
File "...examples.py", line 2, in func_a
func_b()
File "...examples.py", line 6, in func_b
func_c()
File "...examples.py", line 10, in func_c
func_d()
File "...examples.py", line 14, in func_d
raise Exception("Guessing time !")
Exception: fail
If you use the ``strict=False`` option then parsing is a bit more lax::
>>> tb = Traceback.from_string("""
... File "bogus.py", line 123, in bogus
... Traceback (most recent call last):
... File "tests/examples.py", line 2, in func_a
... func_b()
... File "tests/examples.py", line 6, in func_b
... func_c()
... File "tests/examples.py", line 10, in func_c
... func_d()
... File "tests/examples.py", line 14, in func_d
... Doesn't: matter
... """, strict=False)
>>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
File "<doctest README.rst[42]>", line 6, in <module>
reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())
File "bogus.py", line 123, in bogus
File "...examples.py", line 2, in func_a
func_b()
File "...examples.py", line 6, in func_b
func_c()
File "...examples.py", line 10, in func_c
func_d()
File "...examples.py", line 14, in func_d
raise Exception("Guessing time !")
Exception: fail
tblib.decorators.return_error
-----------------------------
::
>>> from tblib.decorators import return_error
>>> inner_2r = return_error(inner_2)
>>> e = inner_2r()
>>> e
<tblib.decorators.Error object at ...>
>>> e.reraise()
Traceback (most recent call last):
...
File "<doctest README.rst[26]>", line 1, in <module>
e.reraise()
File "...tblib...decorators.py", line 19, in reraise
reraise(self.exc_type, self.exc_value, self.traceback)
File "...tblib...decorators.py", line 25, in return_exceptions_wrapper
return func(*args, **kwargs)
File "<doctest README.rst[5]>", line 2, in inner_2
inner_1()
File "<doctest README.rst[4]>", line 2, in inner_1
inner_0()
File "<doctest README.rst[3]>", line 2, in inner_0
raise Exception('fail')
Exception: fail
How's this useful? Imagine you're using multiprocessing like this::
# Note that Python 3.4 and later will show the remote traceback (but as a string sadly) so we skip testing this.
>>> import traceback
>>> from multiprocessing import Pool
>>> from examples import func_a
>>> pool = Pool() # doctest: +SKIP
>>> try: # doctest: +SKIP
... for i in pool.map(func_a, range(5)):
... print(i)
... except:
... print(traceback.format_exc())
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<doctest README.rst[...]>", line 2, in <module>
for i in pool.map(func_a, range(5)):
File "...multiprocessing...pool.py", line ..., in map
...
File "...multiprocessing...pool.py", line ..., in get
...
Exception: Guessing time !
<BLANKLINE>
>>> pool.terminate() # doctest: +SKIP
Not very useful is it? Let's sort this out::
>>> from tblib.decorators import apply_with_return_error, Error
>>> from itertools import repeat
>>> pool = Pool()
>>> try:
... for i in pool.map(apply_with_return_error, zip(repeat(func_a), range(5))):
... if isinstance(i, Error):
... i.reraise()
... else:
... print(i)
... except:
... print(traceback.format_exc())
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<doctest README.rst[...]>", line 4, in <module>
i.reraise()
File "...tblib...decorators.py", line ..., in reraise
reraise(self.exc_type, self.exc_value, self.traceback)
File "...tblib...decorators.py", line ..., in return_exceptions_wrapper
return func(*args, **kwargs)
File "...tblib...decorators.py", line ..., in apply_with_return_error
return args[0](*args[1:])
File "...examples.py", line 2, in func_a
func_b()
File "...examples.py", line 6, in func_b
func_c()
File "...examples.py", line 10, in func_c
func_d()
File "...examples.py", line 14, in func_d
raise Exception("Guessing time !")
Exception: Guessing time !
<BLANKLINE>
>>> pool.terminate()
Much better !
What if we have a local call stack ?
````````````````````````````````````
::
>>> def local_0():
... pool = Pool()
... try:
... for i in pool.map(apply_with_return_error, zip(repeat(func_a), range(5))):
... if isinstance(i, Error):
... i.reraise()
... else:
... print(i)
... finally:
... pool.close()
...
>>> def local_1():
... local_0()
...
>>> def local_2():
... local_1()
...
>>> try:
... local_2()
... except:
... print(traceback.format_exc())
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<doctest README.rst[...]>", line 2, in <module>
local_2()
File "<doctest README.rst[...]>", line 2, in local_2
local_1()
File "<doctest README.rst[...]>", line 2, in local_1
local_0()
File "<doctest README.rst[...]>", line 6, in local_0
i.reraise()
File "...tblib...decorators.py", line 20, in reraise
reraise(self.exc_type, self.exc_value, self.traceback)
File "...tblib...decorators.py", line 27, in return_exceptions_wrapper
return func(*args, **kwargs)
File "...tblib...decorators.py", line 47, in apply_with_return_error
return args[0](*args[1:])
File "...tests...examples.py", line 2, in func_a
func_b()
File "...tests...examples.py", line 6, in func_b
func_c()
File "...tests...examples.py", line 10, in func_c
func_d()
File "...tests...examples.py", line 14, in func_d
raise Exception("Guessing time !")
Exception: Guessing time !
<BLANKLINE>
Other weird stuff
`````````````````
Clearing traceback works (Python 3.4 and up)::
>>> tb = Traceback.from_string("""
... File "skipped.py", line 123, in func_123
... Traceback (most recent call last):
... File "tests/examples.py", line 2, in func_a
... func_b()
... File "tests/examples.py", line 6, in func_b
... func_c()
... File "tests/examples.py", line 10, in func_c
... func_d()
... File "tests/examples.py", line 14, in func_d
... Doesn't: matter
... """)
>>> import traceback, sys
>>> if sys.version_info > (3, 4):
... traceback.clear_frames(tb)
Credits
=======
* `mitsuhiko/jinja2 <https://github.com/mitsuhiko/jinja2>`_ for figuring a way to create traceback objects.
Changelog
=========
3.0.0 (2023-10-22)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Added support for ``__context__``, ``__suppress_context__`` and ``__notes__``.
Contributed by Tim Maxwell in `#72 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/72>`_.
* Added the ``get_locals`` argument to ``tblib.pickling_support.install()``, ``tblib.Traceback`` and ``tblib.Frame``.
Fixes `#41 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/41>`_.
* Dropped support for now-EOL Python 3.7 and added 3.12 in the test grid.
2.0.0 (2023-06-22)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Removed support for legacy Pythons (2.7 and 3.6) and added Python 3.11 in the test grid.
* Some cleanups and refactors (mostly from ruff).
1.7.0 (2020-07-24)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Add more attributes to ``Frame`` and ``Code`` objects for pytest compatibility. Contributed by Ivanq in
`#58 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/58>`_.
1.6.0 (2019-12-07)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* When pickling an Exception, also pickle its traceback and the Exception chain
(``raise ... from ...``). Contributed by Guido Imperiale in
`#53 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/53>`_.
1.5.0 (2019-10-23)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Added support for Python 3.8. Contributed by Victor Stinner in
`#42 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/42>`_.
* Removed support for end of life Python 3.4.
* Few CI improvements and fixes.
1.4.0 (2019-05-02)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Removed support for end of life Python 3.3.
* Fixed tests for Python 3.7. Contributed by Elliott Sales de Andrade in
`#36 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/36>`_.
* Fixed compatibility issue with Twised (``twisted.python.failure.Failure`` expected a ``co_code`` attribute).
1.3.2 (2017-04-09)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Add support for PyPy3.5-5.7.1-beta. Previously ``AttributeError:
'Frame' object has no attribute 'clear'`` could be raised. See PyPy
issue `#2532 <https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/issues/2532>`_.
1.3.1 (2017-03-27)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Fixed handling for tracebacks due to exceeding the recursion limit.
Fixes `#15 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/15>`_.
1.3.0 (2016-03-08)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Added ``Traceback.from_string``.
1.2.0 (2015-12-18)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Fixed handling for tracebacks from generators and other internal improvements
and optimizations. Contributed by DRayX in `#10 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/10>`_
and `#11 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/11>`_.
1.1.0 (2015-07-27)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Added support for Python 2.6. Contributed by Arcadiy Ivanov in
`#8 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/8>`_.
1.0.0 (2015-03-30)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
* Added ``to_dict`` method and ``from_dict`` classmethod on Tracebacks.
Contributed by beckjake in `#5 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/5>`_.
Raw data
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"description": "========\nOverview\n========\n\n\n\nSerialization library for Exceptions and Tracebacks.\n\n* Free software: BSD license\n\nIt allows you to:\n\n* `Pickle <https://docs.python.org/3/library/pickle.html>`_ tracebacks and raise exceptions\n with pickled tracebacks in different processes. This allows better error handling when running\n code over multiple processes (imagine multiprocessing, billiard, futures, celery etc).\n* Create traceback objects from strings (the ``from_string`` method). *No pickling is used*.\n* Serialize tracebacks to/from plain dicts (the ``from_dict`` and ``to_dict`` methods). *No pickling is used*.\n* Raise the tracebacks created from the aforementioned sources.\n* Pickle an Exception together with its traceback and exception chain\n (``raise ... from ...``) *(Python 3 only)*\n\n**Again, note that using the pickle support is completely optional. You are solely responsible for\nsecurity problems should you decide to use the pickle support.**\n\nInstallation\n============\n\n::\n\n pip install tblib\n\nDocumentation\n=============\n\n.. contents::\n :local:\n\nPickling tracebacks\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n**Note**: The traceback objects that come out are stripped of some attributes (like variables). But you'll be able to raise exceptions with\nthose tracebacks or print them - that should cover 99% of the usecases.\n\n::\n\n >>> from tblib import pickling_support\n >>> pickling_support.install()\n >>> import pickle, sys\n >>> def inner_0():\n ... raise Exception('fail')\n ...\n >>> def inner_1():\n ... inner_0()\n ...\n >>> def inner_2():\n ... inner_1()\n ...\n >>> try:\n ... inner_2()\n ... except:\n ... s1 = pickle.dumps(sys.exc_info())\n ...\n >>> len(s1) > 1\n True\n >>> try:\n ... inner_2()\n ... except:\n ... s2 = pickle.dumps(sys.exc_info(), protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)\n ...\n >>> len(s2) > 1\n True\n\n >>> try:\n ... import cPickle\n ... except ImportError:\n ... import pickle as cPickle\n >>> try:\n ... inner_2()\n ... except:\n ... s3 = cPickle.dumps(sys.exc_info(), protocol=pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL)\n ...\n >>> len(s3) > 1\n True\n\nUnpickling tracebacks\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n::\n\n >>> pickle.loads(s1)\n (<...Exception'>, Exception('fail'...), <traceback object at ...>)\n\n >>> pickle.loads(s2)\n (<...Exception'>, Exception('fail'...), <traceback object at ...>)\n\n >>> pickle.loads(s3)\n (<...Exception'>, Exception('fail'...), <traceback object at ...>)\n\nRaising\n~~~~~~~\n\n::\n\n >>> from six import reraise\n >>> reraise(*pickle.loads(s1))\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n ...\n File \"<doctest README.rst[14]>\", line 1, in <module>\n reraise(*pickle.loads(s2))\n File \"<doctest README.rst[8]>\", line 2, in <module>\n inner_2()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[5]>\", line 2, in inner_2\n inner_1()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[4]>\", line 2, in inner_1\n inner_0()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[3]>\", line 2, in inner_0\n raise Exception('fail')\n Exception: fail\n >>> reraise(*pickle.loads(s2))\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n ...\n File \"<doctest README.rst[14]>\", line 1, in <module>\n reraise(*pickle.loads(s2))\n File \"<doctest README.rst[8]>\", line 2, in <module>\n inner_2()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[5]>\", line 2, in inner_2\n inner_1()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[4]>\", line 2, in inner_1\n inner_0()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[3]>\", line 2, in inner_0\n raise Exception('fail')\n Exception: fail\n >>> reraise(*pickle.loads(s3))\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n ...\n File \"<doctest README.rst[14]>\", line 1, in <module>\n reraise(*pickle.loads(s2))\n File \"<doctest README.rst[8]>\", line 2, in <module>\n inner_2()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[5]>\", line 2, in inner_2\n inner_1()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[4]>\", line 2, in inner_1\n inner_0()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[3]>\", line 2, in inner_0\n raise Exception('fail')\n Exception: fail\n\nPickling Exceptions together with their traceback and chain (Python 3 only)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n::\n\n >>> try: # doctest: +SKIP\n ... try:\n ... 1 / 0\n ... except Exception as e:\n ... raise Exception(\"foo\") from e\n ... except Exception as e:\n ... s = pickle.dumps(e)\n >>> raise pickle.loads(s) # doctest: +SKIP\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File \"<doctest README.rst[16]>\", line 3, in <module>\n 1 / 0\n ZeroDivisionError: division by zero\n\n The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:\n\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File \"<doctest README.rst[17]>\", line 1, in <module>\n raise pickle.loads(s)\n File \"<doctest README.rst[16]>\", line 5, in <module>\n raise Exception(\"foo\") from e\n Exception: foo\n\nBaseException subclasses defined after calling ``pickling_support.install()`` will\n**not** retain their traceback and exception chain pickling.\nTo cover custom Exceptions, there are three options:\n\n1. Use ``@pickling_support.install`` as a decorator for each custom Exception\n\n .. code-block:: python\n\n >>> from tblib import pickling_support\n >>> # Declare all imports of your package's dependencies\n >>> import numpy # doctest: +SKIP\n\n >>> pickling_support.install() # install for all modules imported so far\n\n >>> @pickling_support.install\n ... class CustomError(Exception):\n ... pass\n\n Eventual subclasses of ``CustomError`` will need to be decorated again.\n\n2. Invoke ``pickling_support.install()`` after all modules have been imported and all\n Exception subclasses have been declared\n\n .. code-block:: python\n\n >>> # Declare all imports of your package's dependencies\n >>> import numpy # doctest: +SKIP\n >>> from tblib import pickling_support\n\n >>> # Declare your own custom Exceptions\n >>> class CustomError(Exception):\n ... pass\n\n >>> # Finally, install tblib\n >>> pickling_support.install()\n\n3. Selectively install tblib for Exception instances just before they are pickled\n\n .. code-block:: python\n\n pickling_support.install(<Exception instance>, [Exception instance], ...)\n\n The above will install tblib pickling for all listed exceptions as well as any other\n exceptions in their exception chains.\n\n For example, one could write a wrapper to be used with\n `ProcessPoolExecutor <https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html>`_,\n `Dask.distributed <https://distributed.dask.org/>`_, or similar libraries:\n\n::\n\n >>> from tblib import pickling_support\n >>> def wrapper(func, *args, **kwargs):\n ... try:\n ... return func(*args, **kwargs)\n ... except Exception as e:\n ... pickling_support.install(e)\n ... raise\n\nWhat if we have a local stack, does it show correctly ?\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nYes it does::\n\n >>> exc_info = pickle.loads(s3)\n >>> def local_0():\n ... reraise(*exc_info)\n ...\n >>> def local_1():\n ... local_0()\n ...\n >>> def local_2():\n ... local_1()\n ...\n >>> local_2()\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File \"...doctest.py\", line ..., in __run\n compileflags, 1) in test.globs\n File \"<doctest README.rst[24]>\", line 1, in <module>\n local_2()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[23]>\", line 2, in local_2\n local_1()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[22]>\", line 2, in local_1\n local_0()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[21]>\", line 2, in local_0\n reraise(*exc_info)\n File \"<doctest README.rst[11]>\", line 2, in <module>\n inner_2()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[5]>\", line 2, in inner_2\n inner_1()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[4]>\", line 2, in inner_1\n inner_0()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[3]>\", line 2, in inner_0\n raise Exception('fail')\n Exception: fail\n\nIt also supports more contrived scenarios\n-----------------------------------------\n\nLike tracebacks with syntax errors::\n\n >>> from tblib import Traceback\n >>> from examples import bad_syntax\n >>> try:\n ... bad_syntax()\n ... except:\n ... et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()\n ... tb = Traceback(tb)\n ...\n >>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n ...\n File \"<doctest README.rst[58]>\", line 1, in <module>\n reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())\n File \"<doctest README.rst[57]>\", line 2, in <module>\n bad_syntax()\n File \"...tests...examples.py\", line 18, in bad_syntax\n import badsyntax\n File \"...tests...badsyntax.py\", line 5\n is very bad\n ^\n SyntaxError: invalid syntax\n\nOr other import failures::\n\n >>> from examples import bad_module\n >>> try:\n ... bad_module()\n ... except:\n ... et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()\n ... tb = Traceback(tb)\n ...\n >>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n ...\n File \"<doctest README.rst[61]>\", line 1, in <module>\n reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())\n File \"<doctest README.rst[60]>\", line 2, in <module>\n bad_module()\n File \"...tests...examples.py\", line 23, in bad_module\n import badmodule\n File \"...tests...badmodule.py\", line 3, in <module>\n raise Exception(\"boom!\")\n Exception: boom!\n\nOr a traceback that's caused by exceeding the recursion limit (here we're\nforcing the type and value to have consistency across platforms)::\n\n >>> def f(): f()\n >>> try:\n ... f()\n ... except RuntimeError:\n ... et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()\n ... tb = Traceback(tb)\n ...\n >>> reraise(RuntimeError, RuntimeError(\"maximum recursion depth exceeded\"), tb.as_traceback())\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n ...\n File \"<doctest README.rst[32]>\", line 1, in f\n def f(): f()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[32]>\", line 1, in f\n def f(): f()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[32]>\", line 1, in f\n def f(): f()\n ...\n RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded\n\nReference\n~~~~~~~~~\n\ntblib.Traceback\n---------------\n\nIt is used by the ``pickling_support``. You can use it too if you want more flexibility::\n\n >>> from tblib import Traceback\n >>> try:\n ... inner_2()\n ... except:\n ... et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()\n ... tb = Traceback(tb)\n ...\n >>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n ...\n File \"<doctest README.rst[21]>\", line 6, in <module>\n reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())\n File \"<doctest README.rst[21]>\", line 2, in <module>\n inner_2()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[5]>\", line 2, in inner_2\n inner_1()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[4]>\", line 2, in inner_1\n inner_0()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[3]>\", line 2, in inner_0\n raise Exception('fail')\n Exception: fail\n\ntblib.Traceback.to_dict\n```````````````````````\n\nYou can use the ``to_dict`` method and the ``from_dict`` classmethod to\nconvert a Traceback into and from a dictionary serializable by the stdlib\njson.JSONDecoder::\n\n >>> import json\n >>> from pprint import pprint\n >>> try:\n ... inner_2()\n ... except:\n ... et, ev, tb = sys.exc_info()\n ... tb = Traceback(tb)\n ... tb_dict = tb.to_dict()\n ... pprint(tb_dict)\n {'tb_frame': {'f_code': {'co_filename': '<doctest README.rst[...]>',\n 'co_name': '<module>'},\n 'f_globals': {'__name__': '__main__'},\n 'f_lineno': 5},\n 'tb_lineno': 2,\n 'tb_next': {'tb_frame': {'f_code': {'co_filename': ...,\n 'co_name': 'inner_2'},\n 'f_globals': {'__name__': '__main__'},\n 'f_lineno': 2},\n 'tb_lineno': 2,\n 'tb_next': {'tb_frame': {'f_code': {'co_filename': ...,\n 'co_name': 'inner_1'},\n 'f_globals': {'__name__': '__main__'},\n 'f_lineno': 2},\n 'tb_lineno': 2,\n 'tb_next': {'tb_frame': {'f_code': {'co_filename': ...,\n 'co_name': 'inner_0'},\n 'f_globals': {'__name__': '__main__'},\n 'f_lineno': 2},\n 'tb_lineno': 2,\n 'tb_next': None}}}}\n\ntblib.Traceback.from_dict\n`````````````````````````\n\nBuilding on the previous example::\n\n >>> tb_json = json.dumps(tb_dict)\n >>> tb = Traceback.from_dict(json.loads(tb_json))\n >>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n ...\n File \"<doctest README.rst[21]>\", line 6, in <module>\n reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())\n File \"<doctest README.rst[21]>\", line 2, in <module>\n inner_2()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[5]>\", line 2, in inner_2\n inner_1()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[4]>\", line 2, in inner_1\n inner_0()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[3]>\", line 2, in inner_0\n raise Exception('fail')\n Exception: fail\n\ntblib.Traceback.from_string\n```````````````````````````\n\n::\n\n >>> tb = Traceback.from_string(\"\"\"\n ... File \"skipped.py\", line 123, in func_123\n ... Traceback (most recent call last):\n ... File \"tests/examples.py\", line 2, in func_a\n ... func_b()\n ... File \"tests/examples.py\", line 6, in func_b\n ... func_c()\n ... File \"tests/examples.py\", line 10, in func_c\n ... func_d()\n ... File \"tests/examples.py\", line 14, in func_d\n ... Doesn't: matter\n ... \"\"\")\n >>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n ...\n File \"<doctest README.rst[42]>\", line 6, in <module>\n reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())\n File \"...examples.py\", line 2, in func_a\n func_b()\n File \"...examples.py\", line 6, in func_b\n func_c()\n File \"...examples.py\", line 10, in func_c\n func_d()\n File \"...examples.py\", line 14, in func_d\n raise Exception(\"Guessing time !\")\n Exception: fail\n\n\nIf you use the ``strict=False`` option then parsing is a bit more lax::\n\n >>> tb = Traceback.from_string(\"\"\"\n ... File \"bogus.py\", line 123, in bogus\n ... Traceback (most recent call last):\n ... File \"tests/examples.py\", line 2, in func_a\n ... func_b()\n ... File \"tests/examples.py\", line 6, in func_b\n ... func_c()\n ... File \"tests/examples.py\", line 10, in func_c\n ... func_d()\n ... File \"tests/examples.py\", line 14, in func_d\n ... Doesn't: matter\n ... \"\"\", strict=False)\n >>> reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n ...\n File \"<doctest README.rst[42]>\", line 6, in <module>\n reraise(et, ev, tb.as_traceback())\n File \"bogus.py\", line 123, in bogus\n File \"...examples.py\", line 2, in func_a\n func_b()\n File \"...examples.py\", line 6, in func_b\n func_c()\n File \"...examples.py\", line 10, in func_c\n func_d()\n File \"...examples.py\", line 14, in func_d\n raise Exception(\"Guessing time !\")\n Exception: fail\n\ntblib.decorators.return_error\n-----------------------------\n\n::\n\n >>> from tblib.decorators import return_error\n >>> inner_2r = return_error(inner_2)\n >>> e = inner_2r()\n >>> e\n <tblib.decorators.Error object at ...>\n >>> e.reraise()\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n ...\n File \"<doctest README.rst[26]>\", line 1, in <module>\n e.reraise()\n File \"...tblib...decorators.py\", line 19, in reraise\n reraise(self.exc_type, self.exc_value, self.traceback)\n File \"...tblib...decorators.py\", line 25, in return_exceptions_wrapper\n return func(*args, **kwargs)\n File \"<doctest README.rst[5]>\", line 2, in inner_2\n inner_1()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[4]>\", line 2, in inner_1\n inner_0()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[3]>\", line 2, in inner_0\n raise Exception('fail')\n Exception: fail\n\nHow's this useful? Imagine you're using multiprocessing like this::\n\n # Note that Python 3.4 and later will show the remote traceback (but as a string sadly) so we skip testing this.\n >>> import traceback\n >>> from multiprocessing import Pool\n >>> from examples import func_a\n >>> pool = Pool() # doctest: +SKIP\n >>> try: # doctest: +SKIP\n ... for i in pool.map(func_a, range(5)):\n ... print(i)\n ... except:\n ... print(traceback.format_exc())\n ...\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File \"<doctest README.rst[...]>\", line 2, in <module>\n for i in pool.map(func_a, range(5)):\n File \"...multiprocessing...pool.py\", line ..., in map\n ...\n File \"...multiprocessing...pool.py\", line ..., in get\n ...\n Exception: Guessing time !\n <BLANKLINE>\n >>> pool.terminate() # doctest: +SKIP\n\nNot very useful is it? Let's sort this out::\n\n >>> from tblib.decorators import apply_with_return_error, Error\n >>> from itertools import repeat\n >>> pool = Pool()\n >>> try:\n ... for i in pool.map(apply_with_return_error, zip(repeat(func_a), range(5))):\n ... if isinstance(i, Error):\n ... i.reraise()\n ... else:\n ... print(i)\n ... except:\n ... print(traceback.format_exc())\n ...\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File \"<doctest README.rst[...]>\", line 4, in <module>\n i.reraise()\n File \"...tblib...decorators.py\", line ..., in reraise\n reraise(self.exc_type, self.exc_value, self.traceback)\n File \"...tblib...decorators.py\", line ..., in return_exceptions_wrapper\n return func(*args, **kwargs)\n File \"...tblib...decorators.py\", line ..., in apply_with_return_error\n return args[0](*args[1:])\n File \"...examples.py\", line 2, in func_a\n func_b()\n File \"...examples.py\", line 6, in func_b\n func_c()\n File \"...examples.py\", line 10, in func_c\n func_d()\n File \"...examples.py\", line 14, in func_d\n raise Exception(\"Guessing time !\")\n Exception: Guessing time !\n <BLANKLINE>\n >>> pool.terminate()\n\nMuch better !\n\nWhat if we have a local call stack ?\n````````````````````````````````````\n\n::\n\n >>> def local_0():\n ... pool = Pool()\n ... try:\n ... for i in pool.map(apply_with_return_error, zip(repeat(func_a), range(5))):\n ... if isinstance(i, Error):\n ... i.reraise()\n ... else:\n ... print(i)\n ... finally:\n ... pool.close()\n ...\n >>> def local_1():\n ... local_0()\n ...\n >>> def local_2():\n ... local_1()\n ...\n >>> try:\n ... local_2()\n ... except:\n ... print(traceback.format_exc())\n Traceback (most recent call last):\n File \"<doctest README.rst[...]>\", line 2, in <module>\n local_2()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[...]>\", line 2, in local_2\n local_1()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[...]>\", line 2, in local_1\n local_0()\n File \"<doctest README.rst[...]>\", line 6, in local_0\n i.reraise()\n File \"...tblib...decorators.py\", line 20, in reraise\n reraise(self.exc_type, self.exc_value, self.traceback)\n File \"...tblib...decorators.py\", line 27, in return_exceptions_wrapper\n return func(*args, **kwargs)\n File \"...tblib...decorators.py\", line 47, in apply_with_return_error\n return args[0](*args[1:])\n File \"...tests...examples.py\", line 2, in func_a\n func_b()\n File \"...tests...examples.py\", line 6, in func_b\n func_c()\n File \"...tests...examples.py\", line 10, in func_c\n func_d()\n File \"...tests...examples.py\", line 14, in func_d\n raise Exception(\"Guessing time !\")\n Exception: Guessing time !\n <BLANKLINE>\n\nOther weird stuff\n`````````````````\n\nClearing traceback works (Python 3.4 and up)::\n\n >>> tb = Traceback.from_string(\"\"\"\n ... File \"skipped.py\", line 123, in func_123\n ... Traceback (most recent call last):\n ... File \"tests/examples.py\", line 2, in func_a\n ... func_b()\n ... File \"tests/examples.py\", line 6, in func_b\n ... func_c()\n ... File \"tests/examples.py\", line 10, in func_c\n ... func_d()\n ... File \"tests/examples.py\", line 14, in func_d\n ... Doesn't: matter\n ... \"\"\")\n >>> import traceback, sys\n >>> if sys.version_info > (3, 4):\n ... traceback.clear_frames(tb)\n\nCredits\n=======\n\n* `mitsuhiko/jinja2 <https://github.com/mitsuhiko/jinja2>`_ for figuring a way to create traceback objects.\n\n\nChangelog\n=========\n\n3.0.0 (2023-10-22)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* Added support for ``__context__``, ``__suppress_context__`` and ``__notes__``.\n Contributed by Tim Maxwell in `#72 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/72>`_.\n* Added the ``get_locals`` argument to ``tblib.pickling_support.install()``, ``tblib.Traceback`` and ``tblib.Frame``.\n Fixes `#41 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/41>`_.\n* Dropped support for now-EOL Python 3.7 and added 3.12 in the test grid.\n\n2.0.0 (2023-06-22)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* Removed support for legacy Pythons (2.7 and 3.6) and added Python 3.11 in the test grid.\n* Some cleanups and refactors (mostly from ruff).\n\n1.7.0 (2020-07-24)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* Add more attributes to ``Frame`` and ``Code`` objects for pytest compatibility. Contributed by Ivanq in\n `#58 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/58>`_.\n\n1.6.0 (2019-12-07)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* When pickling an Exception, also pickle its traceback and the Exception chain\n (``raise ... from ...``). Contributed by Guido Imperiale in\n `#53 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/53>`_.\n\n1.5.0 (2019-10-23)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* Added support for Python 3.8. Contributed by Victor Stinner in\n `#42 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/42>`_.\n* Removed support for end of life Python 3.4.\n* Few CI improvements and fixes.\n\n1.4.0 (2019-05-02)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* Removed support for end of life Python 3.3.\n* Fixed tests for Python 3.7. Contributed by Elliott Sales de Andrade in\n `#36 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/36>`_.\n* Fixed compatibility issue with Twised (``twisted.python.failure.Failure`` expected a ``co_code`` attribute).\n\n1.3.2 (2017-04-09)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* Add support for PyPy3.5-5.7.1-beta. Previously ``AttributeError:\n 'Frame' object has no attribute 'clear'`` could be raised. See PyPy\n issue `#2532 <https://foss.heptapod.net/pypy/pypy/-/issues/2532>`_.\n\n1.3.1 (2017-03-27)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* Fixed handling for tracebacks due to exceeding the recursion limit.\n Fixes `#15 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/15>`_.\n\n1.3.0 (2016-03-08)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* Added ``Traceback.from_string``.\n\n1.2.0 (2015-12-18)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* Fixed handling for tracebacks from generators and other internal improvements\n and optimizations. Contributed by DRayX in `#10 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/issues/10>`_\n and `#11 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/11>`_.\n\n1.1.0 (2015-07-27)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* Added support for Python 2.6. Contributed by Arcadiy Ivanov in\n `#8 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/8>`_.\n\n1.0.0 (2015-03-30)\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n\n* Added ``to_dict`` method and ``from_dict`` classmethod on Tracebacks.\n Contributed by beckjake in `#5 <https://github.com/ionelmc/python-tblib/pull/5>`_.\n",
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