cibuildwheel
============
[](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cibuildwheel)
[](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/?badge=stable)
[](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)
[](https://travis-ci.com/github/pypa/cibuildwheel)
[](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel)
[](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=4&branchName=main)
[Documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io)
<!--intro-start-->
Python wheels are great. Building them across **Mac, Linux, Windows**, on **multiple versions of Python**, is not.
`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.
What does it do?
----------------
While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support the last three releases), it can target the following versions to build wheels:
| | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | Android | iOS | Pyodide |
|--------------------|----|-----|----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|-----|-----|
| CPython 3.8 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | N/A | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| CPython 3.9 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| CPython 3.10 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| CPython 3.11 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| CPython 3.12 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | ✅⁴ |
| CPython 3.13³ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅⁵ | ✅ | ✅ | N/A |
| CPython 3.14 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| PyPy 3.8 v7.3 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| PyPy 3.9 v7.3 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| PyPy 3.10 v7.3 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| PyPy 3.11 v7.3 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
<sup>¹ PyPy & GraalPy are only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
<sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
<sup>³ Free-threaded mode requires opt-in on 3.13 using [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable).</sup><br>
<sup>⁴ Experimental, not yet supported on PyPI, but can be used directly in web deployment. Use `--platform pyodide` to build.</sup><br>
<sup>⁵ manylinux armv7l support is experimental. As there are no RHEL based image for this architecture, it's using an Ubuntu based image instead.</sup><br>
- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+ (10.13+ for Python 3.12+), and Windows wheels for CPython, PyPy, and GraalPy
- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI
- Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
- Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library
See the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/1.x/) if you need to build unsupported versions of Python, such as Python 2.
Usage
-----
`cibuildwheel` runs inside a CI service. Supported platforms depend on which service you're using:
| | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | Android | iOS |
|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|---------|-----|
| GitHub Actions | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅² | ✅⁴ | ✅³ |
| Azure Pipelines | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | | ✅ | ✅² | ✅⁴ | ✅³ |
| Travis CI | ✅ | | ✅ | ✅ | | | ✅⁴ | |
| CircleCI | ✅ | ✅ | | ✅ | ✅ | | ✅⁴ | ✅³ |
| Gitlab CI | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅¹ | ✅ | | ✅⁴ | ✅³ |
| Cirrus CI | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | | ✅⁴ | |
<sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
<sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup><br>
<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture.</sup><br>
<sup>⁴ Building for Android requires the runner to be Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Testing has [additional requirements](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android).</sup><br>
<!--intro-end-->
Example setup
-------------
To build manylinux, musllinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on GitHub Actions, you could use this `.github/workflows/wheels.yml`:
<!--generic-github-start-->
```yaml
name: Build
on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
build_wheels:
name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}
runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
strategy:
matrix:
os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-latest]
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
# Used to host cibuildwheel
- uses: actions/setup-python@v5
- name: Install cibuildwheel
run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3
- name: Build wheels
run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse
# to supply options, put them in 'env', like:
# env:
# CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value
# ...
- uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}
path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
```
<!--generic-github-end-->
For more information, including PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io) and the [examples](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/main/examples).
How it works
------------
The following diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platform.
<sup>Explore an interactive version of this diagram [in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#how-it-works).</sup>
<!--[[[cog from readme_options_table import get_table; print(get_table()) ]]]-->
<!-- This table is auto-generated from docs/options.md by bin/readme_options_table.py -->
| | Option | Description |
|---|---|---|
| **Build selection** | [`platform`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) | Override the auto-detected target platform |
| | [`build`<br>`skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip) | Choose the Python versions to build |
| | [`archs`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |
| | [`project-requires-python`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python) | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |
| | [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) | Enable building with extra categories of selectors present. |
| | [`allow-empty`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#allow-empty) | Suppress the error code if no wheels match the specified build identifiers |
| **Build customization** | [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) | Set the tool to use to build, either "build" (default), "build\[uv\]", or "pip" |
| | [`config-settings`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#config-settings) | Specify config-settings for the build backend. |
| | [`environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment) | Set environment variables |
| | [`environment-pass`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass) | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container. |
| | [`before-all`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-all) | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |
| | [`before-build`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-build) | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |
| | [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) | Binaries on the path that should be included in an isolated cross-build environment. |
| | [`repair-wheel-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command) | Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel |
| | [`manylinux-*-image`<br>`musllinux-*-image`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) | Specify manylinux / musllinux container images |
| | [`container-engine`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine) | Specify the container engine to use when building Linux wheels |
| | [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) | Control the versions of the tools cibuildwheel uses |
| | [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) | Specify the Pyodide version to use for `pyodide` platform builds |
| **Testing** | [`test-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-command) | The command to test each built wheel |
| | [`before-test`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-test) | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |
| | [`test-sources`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources) | Paths that are copied into the working directory of the tests |
| | [`test-requires`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires) | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |
| | [`test-extras`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras) | Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require` |
| | [`test-groups`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-groups) | Specify test dependencies from your project's `dependency-groups` |
| | [`test-skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip) | Skip running tests on some builds |
| | [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) | Set environment variables for the test environment |
| **Debugging** | [`debug-keep-container`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-keep-container) | Keep the container after running for debugging. |
| | [`debug-traceback`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-traceback) | Print full traceback when errors occur. |
| | [`build-verbosity`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity) | Increase/decrease the output of the build |
<!--[[[end]]] (sum: FxE3nIgFiY) -->
These options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, or as environment variables, see [configuration docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/configuration/).
Working examples
----------------
Here are some repos that use cibuildwheel.
<!-- START bin/projects.py -->
<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit docs/data/projects.yml -->
| Name | CI | OS | Notes |
|-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|
| [scikit-learn][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions. |
| [pytorch-fairseq][] | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |
| [duckdb][] | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |
| [NumPy][] | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |
| [Tornado][] | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |
| [NCNN][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |
| [Matplotlib][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |
| [MyPy][] | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |
| [Prophet][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |
| [Kivy][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |
[scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn
[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq
[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb
[NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy
[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado
[NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn
[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib
[MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels
[Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet
[Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy
[github icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/github.svg
[azurepipelines icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/azurepipelines.svg
[circleci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/circleci.svg
[gitlab icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/gitlab.svg
[travisci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/travisci.svg
[cirrusci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/cirrusci.svg
[windows icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/windows.svg
[apple icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/apple.svg
[linux icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/linux.svg
<!-- END bin/projects.py -->
> ℹ️ That's just a handful, there are many more! Check out the [Working Examples](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/working-examples) page in the docs.
Legal note
----------
Since `cibuildwheel` repairs the wheel with `delocate` or `auditwheel`, it might automatically bundle dynamically linked libraries from the build machine.
It helps ensure that the library can run without any dependencies outside of the pip toolchain.
This is similar to static linking, so it might have some license implications. Check the license for any code you're pulling in to make sure that's allowed.
Changelog
=========
<!-- [[[cog from readme_changelog import mini_changelog; print(mini_changelog()) ]]] -->
### v3.1.3
_1 August 2025_
- 🐛 Fix bug where "latest" dependencies couldn't update to pip 25.2 on Windows (#2537)
- 🛠 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)
- 🛠 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)
### v3.1.2
_29 July 2025_
- ⚠️ Add an error if `CIBW_FREE_THREADING_SUPPORT` is set; you are likely missing 3.13t wheels, please use the `enable`/`CIBW_ENABLE` (#2520)
- 🛠 `riscv64` now enabled if you target that architecture, it's now supported on PyPI (#2509)
- 🛠 Add warning when using `cpython-experimental-riscv64` (no longer needed) (#2526, #2528)
- 🛠 iOS versions bumped, fixing issues with 3.14 (now RC 1) (#2530)
- 🐛 Fix bug in Android running wheel from our GitHub Action (#2517)
- 🐛 Fix warning when using `test-skip` of `"*-macosx_universal2:arm64"` (#2522)
- 🐛 Fix incorrect number of wheels reported in logs, again (#2517)
- 📚 We welcome our Android platform maintainer (#2516)
### v3.1.1
_24 July 2025_
- 🐛 Fix a bug showing an incorrect wheel count at the end of execution, and misrepresenting test-only runs in the GitHub Action summary (#2512)
- 📚 Docs fix (#2510)
### v3.1.0
_23 July 2025_
- 🌟 CPython 3.14 wheels are now built by default - without the `"cpython-prerelease"` `enable` set. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.14.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#2507) Free-threading is no longer experimental in 3.14, so you have to skip it explicitly with `'cp31?t-*'` if you don't support it yet. (#2503)
- 🌟 Adds the ability to [build wheels for Android](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `android` on Linux or macOS to try it out! (#2349)
- 🌟 Adds Pyodide 0.28, which builds 3.13 wheels (#2487)
- ✨ Support for 32-bit `manylinux_2_28` (now a consistent default) and `manylinux_2_34` added (#2500)
- 🛠 Improved summary, will also use markdown summary output on GHA (#2469)
- 🛠 The riscv64 images now have a working default (as they are now part of pypy/manylinux), but are still experimental (and behind an `enable`) since you can't push them to PyPI yet (#2506)
- 🛠 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)
- 🛠 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)
- 🛠 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)
- 🛠 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)
- 📚 We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)
### v3.0.1
_5 July 2025_
- 🛠 Updates CPython 3.14 prerelease to 3.14.0b3 (#2471)
- ✨ Adds a CPython 3.14 prerelease iOS build (only when prerelease builds are [enabled](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable)) (#2475)
<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: Fe+mD8YR4+) -->
---
That's the last few versions.
ℹ️ **Want more changelog? Head over to [the changelog page in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/changelog/).**
---
Contributing
============
For more info on how to contribute to cibuildwheel, see the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/contributing/).
Everyone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker, chat rooms, or otherwise is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).
Maintainers
-----------
Core:
- Joe Rickerby [@joerick](https://github.com/joerick)
- Yannick Jadoul [@YannickJadoul](https://github.com/YannickJadoul)
- Matthieu Darbois [@mayeut](https://github.com/mayeut)
- Henry Schreiner [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii)
- Grzegorz Bokota [@Czaki](https://github.com/Czaki)
Platform maintainers:
- Russell Keith-Magee [@freakboy3742](https://github.com/freakboy3742) (iOS)
- Agriya Khetarpal [@agriyakhetarpal](https://github.com/agriyakhetarpal) (Pyodide)
- Hood Chatham [@hoodmane](https://github.com/hoodmane) (Pyodide)
- Gyeongjae Choi [@ryanking13](https://github.com/ryanking13) (Pyodide)
- Tim Felgentreff [@timfel](https://github.com/timfel) (GraalPy)
- Malcolm Smith [@mhsmith](https://github.com/mhsmith) (Android)
Credits
-------
`cibuildwheel` stands on the shoulders of giants.
- ⭐️ @matthew-brett for [multibuild](https://github.com/multi-build/multibuild) and [matthew-brett/delocate](http://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)
- @PyPA for the manylinux Docker images [pypa/manylinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux)
- @ogrisel for [wheelhouse-uploader](https://github.com/ogrisel/wheelhouse-uploader) and `run_with_env.cmd`
Massive props also to-
- @zfrenchee for [help debugging many issues](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2)
- @lelit for some great bug reports and [contributions](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/73)
- @mayeut for a [phenomenal PR](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/71) patching Python itself for better compatibility!
- @czaki for being a super-contributor over many PRs and helping out with countless issues!
- @mattip for his help with adding PyPy support to cibuildwheel
See also
========
Another very similar tool to consider is [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild). `multibuild` is a shell script toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It is used as a basis to build some of the big data science tools, like SciPy.
If you are building Rust wheels, you can get by without some of the tricks required to make GLIBC work via manylinux; this is especially relevant for cross-compiling, which is easy with Rust. See [maturin-action](https://github.com/PyO3/maturin-action) for a tool that is optimized for building Rust wheels and cross-compiling.
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"description": "cibuildwheel\n============\n\n[](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/cibuildwheel)\n[](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/?badge=stable)\n[](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/actions)\n[](https://travis-ci.com/github/pypa/cibuildwheel)\n[](https://circleci.com/gh/pypa/cibuildwheel)\n[](https://dev.azure.com/joerick0429/cibuildwheel/_build/latest?definitionId=4&branchName=main)\n\n\n[Documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io)\n\n<!--intro-start-->\n\nPython wheels are great. Building them across **Mac, Linux, Windows**, on **multiple versions of Python**, is not.\n\n`cibuildwheel` is here to help. `cibuildwheel` runs on your CI server - currently it supports GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, CircleCI, and GitLab CI - and it builds and tests your wheels across all of your platforms.\n\n\nWhat does it do?\n----------------\n\nWhile cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support the last three releases), it can target the following versions to build wheels:\n\n| | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | Android | iOS | Pyodide |\n|--------------------|----|-----|----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|-----|-----|\n| CPython\u00a03.8 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | N/A | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u2075 | N/A | N/A | N/A |\n| CPython\u00a03.9 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u00b2 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u2075 | N/A | N/A | N/A |\n| CPython\u00a03.10 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u00b2 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u2075 | N/A | N/A | N/A |\n| CPython\u00a03.11 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u00b2 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u2075 | N/A | N/A | N/A |\n| CPython\u00a03.12 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u00b2 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u2075 | N/A | N/A | \u2705\u2074 |\n| CPython\u00a03.13\u00b3 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u00b2 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u2075 | \u2705 | \u2705 | N/A |\n| CPython\u00a03.14 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u00b2 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u2075 | N/A | N/A | N/A |\n| PyPy\u00a03.8 v7.3 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | N/A | N/A | \u2705\u00b9 | \u2705\u00b9 | \u2705\u00b9 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |\n| PyPy\u00a03.9 v7.3 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | N/A | N/A | \u2705\u00b9 | \u2705\u00b9 | \u2705\u00b9 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |\n| PyPy\u00a03.10 v7.3 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | N/A | N/A | \u2705\u00b9 | \u2705\u00b9 | \u2705\u00b9 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |\n| PyPy\u00a03.11 v7.3 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | N/A | N/A | \u2705\u00b9 | \u2705\u00b9 | \u2705\u00b9 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |\n| GraalPy\u00a03.11 v24.2 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | N/A | N/A | \u2705\u00b9 | N/A | \u2705\u00b9 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |\n\n<sup>\u00b9 PyPy & GraalPy are only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>\n<sup>\u00b2 Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>\n<sup>\u00b3 Free-threaded mode requires opt-in on 3.13 using [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable).</sup><br>\n<sup>\u2074 Experimental, not yet supported on PyPI, but can be used directly in web deployment. Use `--platform pyodide` to build.</sup><br>\n<sup>\u2075 manylinux armv7l support is experimental. As there are no RHEL based image for this architecture, it's using an Ubuntu based image instead.</sup><br>\n\n- Builds manylinux, musllinux, macOS 10.9+ (10.13+ for Python 3.12+), and Windows wheels for CPython, PyPy, and GraalPy\n- Works on GitHub Actions, Azure Pipelines, Travis CI, CircleCI, GitLab CI, and Cirrus CI\n- Bundles shared library dependencies on Linux and macOS through [auditwheel](https://github.com/pypa/auditwheel) and [delocate](https://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)\n- Runs your library's tests against the wheel-installed version of your library\n\nSee the [cibuildwheel 1 documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/1.x/) if you need to build unsupported versions of Python, such as Python 2.\n\nUsage\n-----\n\n`cibuildwheel` runs inside a CI service. Supported platforms depend on which service you're using:\n\n| | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | Android | iOS |\n|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|---------|-----|\n| GitHub Actions | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u00b2 | \u2705\u2074 | \u2705\u00b3 |\n| Azure Pipelines | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | | \u2705 | \u2705\u00b2 | \u2705\u2074 | \u2705\u00b3 |\n| Travis CI | \u2705 | | \u2705 | \u2705 | | | \u2705\u2074 | |\n| CircleCI | \u2705 | \u2705 | | \u2705 | \u2705 | | \u2705\u2074 | \u2705\u00b3 |\n| Gitlab CI | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705\u00b9 | \u2705 | | \u2705\u2074 | \u2705\u00b3 |\n| Cirrus CI | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | \u2705 | | \u2705\u2074 | |\n\n<sup>\u00b9 [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>\n<sup>\u00b2 [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup><br>\n<sup>\u00b3 Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture.</sup><br>\n<sup>\u2074 Building for Android requires the runner to be Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Testing has [additional requirements](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android).</sup><br>\n<!--intro-end-->\n\nExample setup\n-------------\n\nTo build manylinux, musllinux, macOS, and Windows wheels on GitHub Actions, you could use this `.github/workflows/wheels.yml`:\n\n<!--generic-github-start-->\n```yaml\nname: Build\n\non: [push, pull_request]\n\njobs:\n build_wheels:\n name: Build wheels on ${{ matrix.os }}\n runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}\n strategy:\n matrix:\n os: [ubuntu-latest, ubuntu-24.04-arm, windows-latest, windows-11-arm, macos-13, macos-latest]\n\n steps:\n - uses: actions/checkout@v4\n\n # Used to host cibuildwheel\n - uses: actions/setup-python@v5\n\n - name: Install cibuildwheel\n run: python -m pip install cibuildwheel==3.1.3\n\n - name: Build wheels\n run: python -m cibuildwheel --output-dir wheelhouse\n # to supply options, put them in 'env', like:\n # env:\n # CIBW_SOME_OPTION: value\n # ...\n\n - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4\n with:\n name: cibw-wheels-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ strategy.job-index }}\n path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl\n```\n<!--generic-github-end-->\n\nFor more information, including PyPI deployment, and the use of other CI services or the dedicated GitHub Action, check out the [documentation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io) and the [examples](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/tree/main/examples).\n\nHow it works\n------------\n\nThe following diagram summarises the steps that cibuildwheel takes on each platform.\n\n\n\n<sup>Explore an interactive version of this diagram [in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/#how-it-works).</sup>\n\n\n<!--[[[cog from readme_options_table import get_table; print(get_table()) ]]]-->\n\n<!-- This table is auto-generated from docs/options.md by bin/readme_options_table.py -->\n\n| | Option | Description |\n|---|---|---|\n| **Build selection** | [`platform`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) | Override the auto-detected target platform |\n| | [`build`<br>`skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-skip) | Choose the Python versions to build |\n| | [`archs`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#archs) | Change the architectures built on your machine by default. |\n| | [`project-requires-python`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#requires-python) | Manually set the Python compatibility of your project |\n| | [`enable`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable) | Enable building with extra categories of selectors present. |\n| | [`allow-empty`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#allow-empty) | Suppress the error code if no wheels match the specified build identifiers |\n| **Build customization** | [`build-frontend`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-frontend) | Set the tool to use to build, either \"build\" (default), \"build\\[uv\\]\", or \"pip\" |\n| | [`config-settings`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#config-settings) | Specify config-settings for the build backend. |\n| | [`environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment) | Set environment variables |\n| | [`environment-pass`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#environment-pass) | Set environment variables on the host to pass-through to the container. |\n| | [`before-all`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-all) | Execute a shell command on the build system before any wheels are built. |\n| | [`before-build`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-build) | Execute a shell command preparing each wheel's build |\n| | [`xbuild-tools`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#xbuild-tools) | Binaries on the path that should be included in an isolated cross-build environment. |\n| | [`repair-wheel-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#repair-wheel-command) | Execute a shell command to repair each built wheel |\n| | [`manylinux-*-image`<br>`musllinux-*-image`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#linux-image) | Specify manylinux / musllinux container images |\n| | [`container-engine`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#container-engine) | Specify the container engine to use when building Linux wheels |\n| | [`dependency-versions`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#dependency-versions) | Control the versions of the tools cibuildwheel uses |\n| | [`pyodide-version`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#pyodide-version) | Specify the Pyodide version to use for `pyodide` platform builds |\n| **Testing** | [`test-command`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-command) | The command to test each built wheel |\n| | [`before-test`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#before-test) | Execute a shell command before testing each wheel |\n| | [`test-sources`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-sources) | Paths that are copied into the working directory of the tests |\n| | [`test-requires`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-requires) | Install Python dependencies before running the tests |\n| | [`test-extras`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-extras) | Install your wheel for testing using `extras_require` |\n| | [`test-groups`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-groups) | Specify test dependencies from your project's `dependency-groups` |\n| | [`test-skip`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-skip) | Skip running tests on some builds |\n| | [`test-environment`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#test-environment) | Set environment variables for the test environment |\n| **Debugging** | [`debug-keep-container`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-keep-container) | Keep the container after running for debugging. |\n| | [`debug-traceback`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#debug-traceback) | Print full traceback when errors occur. |\n| | [`build-verbosity`](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#build-verbosity) | Increase/decrease the output of the build |\n\n\n<!--[[[end]]] (sum: FxE3nIgFiY) -->\n\nThese options can be specified in a pyproject.toml file, or as environment variables, see [configuration docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/configuration/).\n\nWorking examples\n----------------\n\nHere are some repos that use cibuildwheel.\n\n<!-- START bin/projects.py -->\n\n<!-- this section is generated by bin/projects.py. Don't edit it directly, instead, edit docs/data/projects.yml -->\n\n| Name | CI | OS | Notes |\n|-----------------------------------|----|----|:------|\n| [scikit-learn][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The machine learning library. A complex but clean config using many of cibuildwheel's features to build a large project with Cython and C++ extensions. |\n| [pytorch-fairseq][] | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Facebook AI Research Sequence-to-Sequence Toolkit written in Python. |\n| [duckdb][] | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | DuckDB is an analytical in-process SQL database management system |\n| [NumPy][] | ![github icon][] ![travisci icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. |\n| [Tornado][] | ![github icon][] | ![linux icon][] ![apple icon][] ![windows icon][] | Tornado is a Python web framework and asynchronous networking library. Uses stable ABI for a small C extension. |\n| [NCNN][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | ncnn is a high-performance neural network inference framework optimized for the mobile platform |\n| [Matplotlib][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | The venerable Matplotlib, a Python library with C++ portions |\n| [MyPy][] | ![github icon][] | ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] ![windows icon][] | The compiled version of MyPy using MyPyC. |\n| [Prophet][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth. |\n| [Kivy][] | ![github icon][] | ![windows icon][] ![apple icon][] ![linux icon][] | Open source UI framework written in Python, running on Windows, Linux, macOS, Android and iOS |\n\n[scikit-learn]: https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn\n[pytorch-fairseq]: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq\n[duckdb]: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb\n[NumPy]: https://github.com/numpy/numpy\n[Tornado]: https://github.com/tornadoweb/tornado\n[NCNN]: https://github.com/Tencent/ncnn\n[Matplotlib]: https://github.com/matplotlib/matplotlib\n[MyPy]: https://github.com/mypyc/mypy_mypyc-wheels\n[Prophet]: https://github.com/facebook/prophet\n[Kivy]: https://github.com/kivy/kivy\n\n[github icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/github.svg\n[azurepipelines icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/azurepipelines.svg\n[circleci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/circleci.svg\n[gitlab icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/gitlab.svg\n[travisci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/travisci.svg\n[cirrusci icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/cirrusci.svg\n[windows icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/windows.svg\n[apple icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/apple.svg\n[linux icon]: docs/data/readme_icons/linux.svg\n\n<!-- END bin/projects.py -->\n\n> \u2139\ufe0f That's just a handful, there are many more! Check out the [Working Examples](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/working-examples) page in the docs.\n\nLegal note\n----------\n\nSince `cibuildwheel` repairs the wheel with `delocate` or `auditwheel`, it might automatically bundle dynamically linked libraries from the build machine.\n\nIt helps ensure that the library can run without any dependencies outside of the pip toolchain.\n\nThis is similar to static linking, so it might have some license implications. Check the license for any code you're pulling in to make sure that's allowed.\n\nChangelog\n=========\n\n<!-- [[[cog from readme_changelog import mini_changelog; print(mini_changelog()) ]]] -->\n\n### v3.1.3\n\n_1 August 2025_\n\n- \ud83d\udc1b Fix bug where \"latest\" dependencies couldn't update to pip 25.2 on Windows (#2537)\n- \ud83d\udee0 Use pytest-rerunfailures to improve some of our iOS/Android tests (#2527, #2539)\n- \ud83d\udee0 Remove some GraalPy Windows workarounds in our tests (#2501)\n\n\n\n### v3.1.2\n\n_29 July 2025_\n\n- \u26a0\ufe0f Add an error if `CIBW_FREE_THREADING_SUPPORT` is set; you are likely missing 3.13t wheels, please use the `enable`/`CIBW_ENABLE` (#2520)\n- \ud83d\udee0 `riscv64` now enabled if you target that architecture, it's now supported on PyPI (#2509)\n- \ud83d\udee0 Add warning when using `cpython-experimental-riscv64` (no longer needed) (#2526, #2528)\n- \ud83d\udee0 iOS versions bumped, fixing issues with 3.14 (now RC 1) (#2530)\n- \ud83d\udc1b Fix bug in Android running wheel from our GitHub Action (#2517)\n- \ud83d\udc1b Fix warning when using `test-skip` of `\"*-macosx_universal2:arm64\"` (#2522)\n- \ud83d\udc1b Fix incorrect number of wheels reported in logs, again (#2517)\n- \ud83d\udcda We welcome our Android platform maintainer (#2516)\n\n\n### v3.1.1\n\n_24 July 2025_\n\n- \ud83d\udc1b Fix a bug showing an incorrect wheel count at the end of execution, and misrepresenting test-only runs in the GitHub Action summary (#2512)\n- \ud83d\udcda Docs fix (#2510)\n\n### v3.1.0\n\n_23 July 2025_\n\n\n- \ud83c\udf1f CPython 3.14 wheels are now built by default - without the `\"cpython-prerelease\"` `enable` set. It's time to build and upload these wheels to PyPI! This release includes CPython 3.14.0rc1, which is guaranteed to be ABI compatible with the final release. (#2507) Free-threading is no longer experimental in 3.14, so you have to skip it explicitly with `'cp31?t-*'` if you don't support it yet. (#2503)\n- \ud83c\udf1f Adds the ability to [build wheels for Android](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android)! Set the [`platform` option](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#platform) to `android` on Linux or macOS to try it out! (#2349)\n- \ud83c\udf1f Adds Pyodide 0.28, which builds 3.13 wheels (#2487)\n- \u2728 Support for 32-bit `manylinux_2_28` (now a consistent default) and `manylinux_2_34` added (#2500)\n- \ud83d\udee0 Improved summary, will also use markdown summary output on GHA (#2469)\n- \ud83d\udee0 The riscv64 images now have a working default (as they are now part of pypy/manylinux), but are still experimental (and behind an `enable`) since you can't push them to PyPI yet (#2506)\n- \ud83d\udee0 Fixed a typo in the 3.9 MUSL riscv64 identifier (`cp39-musllinux_ricv64` -> `cp39-musllinux_riscv64`) (#2490)\n- \ud83d\udee0 Mistyping `--only` now shows the correct possibilities, and even suggests near matches on Python 3.14+ (#2499)\n- \ud83d\udee0 Only support one output from the repair step on linux like other platforms; auditwheel fixed this over four years ago! (#2478)\n- \ud83d\udee0 We now use pattern matching extensively (#2434)\n- \ud83d\udcda We now have platform maintainers for our special platforms and interpreters! (#2481)\n\n\n\n### v3.0.1\n\n_5 July 2025_\n\n- \ud83d\udee0 Updates CPython 3.14 prerelease to 3.14.0b3 (#2471)\n- \u2728 Adds a CPython 3.14 prerelease iOS build (only when prerelease builds are [enabled](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/options/#enable)) (#2475)\n\n<!-- [[[end]]] (sum: Fe+mD8YR4+) -->\n\n---\n\nThat's the last few versions.\n\n\u2139\ufe0f **Want more changelog? Head over to [the changelog page in the docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/changelog/).**\n\n---\n\nContributing\n============\n\nFor more info on how to contribute to cibuildwheel, see the [docs](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/latest/contributing/).\n\nEveryone interacting with the cibuildwheel project via codebase, issue tracker, chat rooms, or otherwise is expected to follow the [PSF Code of Conduct](https://github.com/pypa/.github/blob/main/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).\n\nMaintainers\n-----------\n\nCore:\n\n- Joe Rickerby [@joerick](https://github.com/joerick)\n- Yannick Jadoul [@YannickJadoul](https://github.com/YannickJadoul)\n- Matthieu Darbois [@mayeut](https://github.com/mayeut)\n- Henry Schreiner [@henryiii](https://github.com/henryiii)\n- Grzegorz Bokota [@Czaki](https://github.com/Czaki)\n\nPlatform maintainers:\n\n- Russell Keith-Magee [@freakboy3742](https://github.com/freakboy3742) (iOS)\n- Agriya Khetarpal [@agriyakhetarpal](https://github.com/agriyakhetarpal) (Pyodide)\n- Hood Chatham [@hoodmane](https://github.com/hoodmane) (Pyodide)\n- Gyeongjae Choi [@ryanking13](https://github.com/ryanking13) (Pyodide)\n- Tim Felgentreff [@timfel](https://github.com/timfel) (GraalPy)\n- Malcolm Smith [@mhsmith](https://github.com/mhsmith) (Android)\n\nCredits\n-------\n\n`cibuildwheel` stands on the shoulders of giants.\n\n- \u2b50\ufe0f @matthew-brett for [multibuild](https://github.com/multi-build/multibuild) and [matthew-brett/delocate](http://github.com/matthew-brett/delocate)\n- @PyPA for the manylinux Docker images [pypa/manylinux](https://github.com/pypa/manylinux)\n- @ogrisel for [wheelhouse-uploader](https://github.com/ogrisel/wheelhouse-uploader) and `run_with_env.cmd`\n\nMassive props also to-\n\n- @zfrenchee for [help debugging many issues](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/issues/2)\n- @lelit for some great bug reports and [contributions](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/73)\n- @mayeut for a [phenomenal PR](https://github.com/pypa/cibuildwheel/pull/71) patching Python itself for better compatibility!\n- @czaki for being a super-contributor over many PRs and helping out with countless issues!\n- @mattip for his help with adding PyPy support to cibuildwheel\n\nSee also\n========\n\nAnother very similar tool to consider is [matthew-brett/multibuild](http://github.com/matthew-brett/multibuild). `multibuild` is a shell script toolbox for building a wheel on various platforms. It is used as a basis to build some of the big data science tools, like SciPy.\n\nIf you are building Rust wheels, you can get by without some of the tricks required to make GLIBC work via manylinux; this is especially relevant for cross-compiling, which is easy with Rust. See [maturin-action](https://github.com/PyO3/maturin-action) for a tool that is optimized for building Rust wheels and cross-compiling.\n",
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