# deepface
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<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/deepface-icon-labeled.png" width="200" height="240"></p>
DeepFace is a lightweight [face recognition](https://sefiks.com/2018/08/06/deep-face-recognition-with-keras/) and facial attribute analysis ([age](https://sefiks.com/2019/02/13/apparent-age-and-gender-prediction-in-keras/), [gender](https://sefiks.com/2019/02/13/apparent-age-and-gender-prediction-in-keras/), [emotion](https://sefiks.com/2018/01/01/facial-expression-recognition-with-keras/) and [race](https://sefiks.com/2019/11/11/race-and-ethnicity-prediction-in-keras/)) framework for python. It is a hybrid face recognition framework wrapping **state-of-the-art** models: [`VGG-Face`](https://sefiks.com/2018/08/06/deep-face-recognition-with-keras/), [`FaceNet`](https://sefiks.com/2018/09/03/face-recognition-with-facenet-in-keras/), [`OpenFace`](https://sefiks.com/2019/07/21/face-recognition-with-openface-in-keras/), [`DeepFace`](https://sefiks.com/2020/02/17/face-recognition-with-facebook-deepface-in-keras/), [`DeepID`](https://sefiks.com/2020/06/16/face-recognition-with-deepid-in-keras/), [`ArcFace`](https://sefiks.com/2020/12/14/deep-face-recognition-with-arcface-in-keras-and-python/), [`Dlib`](https://sefiks.com/2020/07/11/face-recognition-with-dlib-in-python/), `SFace` and `GhostFaceNet`.
[`Experiments`](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/tree/master/benchmarks) show that **human beings have 97.53% accuracy** on facial recognition tasks whereas those models already reached and passed that accuracy level.
## Installation [](https://pypi.org/project/deepface/)
The easiest way to install deepface is to download it from [`PyPI`](https://pypi.org/project/deepface/). It's going to install the library itself and its prerequisites as well.
```shell
$ pip install deepface
```
Alternatively, you can also install deepface from its source code. Source code may have new features not published in pip release yet.
```shell
$ git clone https://github.com/serengil/deepface.git
$ cd deepface
$ pip install -e .
```
Once you installed the library, then you will be able to import it and use its functionalities.
```python
from deepface import DeepFace
```
**A Modern Facial Recognition Pipeline** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/WnUVYQP4h44)
A modern [**face recognition pipeline**](https://sefiks.com/2020/05/01/a-gentle-introduction-to-face-recognition-in-deep-learning/) consists of 5 common stages: [detect](https://sefiks.com/2020/08/25/deep-face-detection-with-opencv-in-python/), [align](https://sefiks.com/2020/02/23/face-alignment-for-face-recognition-in-python-within-opencv/), [normalize](https://sefiks.com/2020/11/20/facial-landmarks-for-face-recognition-with-dlib/), [represent](https://sefiks.com/2018/08/06/deep-face-recognition-with-keras/) and [verify](https://sefiks.com/2020/05/22/fine-tuning-the-threshold-in-face-recognition/). While DeepFace handles all these common stages in the background, you don’t need to acquire in-depth knowledge about all the processes behind it. You can just call its verification, find or analysis function with a single line of code.
**Face Verification** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/KRCvkNCOphE)
This function verifies face pairs as same person or different persons. It expects exact image paths as inputs. Passing numpy or base64 encoded images is also welcome. Then, it is going to return a dictionary and you should check just its verified key.
```python
result = DeepFace.verify(
img1_path = "img1.jpg",
img2_path = "img2.jpg",
)
```
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/stock-1.jpg" width="95%" height="95%"></p>
**Face recognition** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/Hrjp-EStM_s)
[Face recognition](https://sefiks.com/2020/05/25/large-scale-face-recognition-for-deep-learning/) requires applying face verification many times. Herein, deepface has an out-of-the-box find function to handle this action. It's going to look for the identity of input image in the database path and it will return list of pandas data frame as output. Meanwhile, facial embeddings of the facial database are stored in a pickle file to be searched faster in next time. Result is going to be the size of faces appearing in the source image. Besides, target images in the database can have many faces as well.
```python
dfs = DeepFace.find(
img_path = "img1.jpg",
db_path = "C:/workspace/my_db",
)
```
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/stock-6-v2.jpg" width="95%" height="95%"></p>
**Embeddings** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/OYialFo7Qo4)
Face recognition models basically represent facial images as multi-dimensional vectors. Sometimes, you need those embedding vectors directly. DeepFace comes with a dedicated representation function. Represent function returns a list of embeddings. Result is going to be the size of faces appearing in the image path.
```python
embedding_objs = DeepFace.represent(
img_path = "img.jpg"
)
```
This function returns an array as embedding. The size of the embedding array would be different based on the model name. For instance, VGG-Face is the default model and it represents facial images as 4096 dimensional vectors.
```python
for embedding_obj in embedding_objs:
embedding = embedding_obj["embedding"]
assert isinstance(embedding, list)
assert (
model_name == "VGG-Face"
and len(embedding) == 4096
)
```
Here, embedding is also [plotted](https://sefiks.com/2020/05/01/a-gentle-introduction-to-face-recognition-in-deep-learning/) with 4096 slots horizontally. Each slot is corresponding to a dimension value in the embedding vector and dimension value is explained in the colorbar on the right. Similar to 2D barcodes, vertical dimension stores no information in the illustration.
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/embedding.jpg" width="95%" height="95%"></p>
**Face recognition models** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/eKOZawGR3y0)
DeepFace is a **hybrid** face recognition package. It currently wraps many **state-of-the-art** face recognition models: [`VGG-Face`](https://sefiks.com/2018/08/06/deep-face-recognition-with-keras/) , [`FaceNet`](https://sefiks.com/2018/09/03/face-recognition-with-facenet-in-keras/), [`OpenFace`](https://sefiks.com/2019/07/21/face-recognition-with-openface-in-keras/), [`DeepFace`](https://sefiks.com/2020/02/17/face-recognition-with-facebook-deepface-in-keras/), [`DeepID`](https://sefiks.com/2020/06/16/face-recognition-with-deepid-in-keras/), [`ArcFace`](https://sefiks.com/2020/12/14/deep-face-recognition-with-arcface-in-keras-and-python/), [`Dlib`](https://sefiks.com/2020/07/11/face-recognition-with-dlib-in-python/), `SFace` and `GhostFaceNet`. The default configuration uses VGG-Face model.
```python
models = [
"VGG-Face",
"Facenet",
"Facenet512",
"OpenFace",
"DeepFace",
"DeepID",
"ArcFace",
"Dlib",
"SFace",
"GhostFaceNet",
]
#face verification
result = DeepFace.verify(
img1_path = "img1.jpg",
img2_path = "img2.jpg",
model_name = models[0],
)
#face recognition
dfs = DeepFace.find(
img_path = "img1.jpg",
db_path = "C:/workspace/my_db",
model_name = models[1],
)
#embeddings
embedding_objs = DeepFace.represent(
img_path = "img.jpg",
model_name = models[2],
)
```
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/model-portfolio-20240316.jpg" width="95%" height="95%"></p>
FaceNet, VGG-Face, ArcFace and Dlib are overperforming ones based on experiments - see [`BENCHMARKS`](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/tree/master/benchmarks) for more details. You can find the measured scores of various models in DeepFace and the reported scores from their original studies in the following table.
| Model | Measured Score | Declared Score |
| -------------- | -------------- | ------------------ |
| Facenet512 | 98.4% | 99.6% |
| Human-beings | 97.5% | 97.5% |
| Facenet | 97.4% | 99.2% |
| Dlib | 96.8% | 99.3 % |
| VGG-Face | 96.7% | 98.9% |
| ArcFace | 96.7% | 99.5% |
| GhostFaceNet | 93.3% | 99.7% |
| SFace | 93.0% | 99.5% |
| OpenFace | 78.7% | 92.9% |
| DeepFace | 69.0% | 97.3% |
| DeepID | 66.5% | 97.4% |
Conducting experiments with those models within DeepFace may reveal disparities compared to the original studies, owing to the adoption of distinct detection or normalization techniques. Furthermore, some models have been released solely with their backbones, lacking pre-trained weights. Thus, we are utilizing their re-implementations instead of the original pre-trained weights.
**Similarity** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/1EPoS69fHOc)
Face recognition models are regular [convolutional neural networks](https://sefiks.com/2018/03/23/convolutional-autoencoder-clustering-images-with-neural-networks/) and they are responsible to represent faces as vectors. We expect that a face pair of same person should be [more similar](https://sefiks.com/2020/05/22/fine-tuning-the-threshold-in-face-recognition/) than a face pair of different persons.
Similarity could be calculated by different metrics such as [Cosine Similarity](https://sefiks.com/2018/08/13/cosine-similarity-in-machine-learning/), Euclidean Distance or L2 normalized Euclidean. The default configuration uses cosine similarity. According to [experiments](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/tree/master/benchmarks), no distance metric is overperforming than other.
```python
metrics = ["cosine", "euclidean", "euclidean_l2"]
#face verification
result = DeepFace.verify(
img1_path = "img1.jpg",
img2_path = "img2.jpg",
distance_metric = metrics[1],
)
#face recognition
dfs = DeepFace.find(
img_path = "img1.jpg",
db_path = "C:/workspace/my_db",
distance_metric = metrics[2],
)
```
**Facial Attribute Analysis** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/GT2UeN85BdA)
DeepFace also comes with a strong facial attribute analysis module including [`age`](https://sefiks.com/2019/02/13/apparent-age-and-gender-prediction-in-keras/), [`gender`](https://sefiks.com/2019/02/13/apparent-age-and-gender-prediction-in-keras/), [`facial expression`](https://sefiks.com/2018/01/01/facial-expression-recognition-with-keras/) (including angry, fear, neutral, sad, disgust, happy and surprise) and [`race`](https://sefiks.com/2019/11/11/race-and-ethnicity-prediction-in-keras/) (including asian, white, middle eastern, indian, latino and black) predictions. Result is going to be the size of faces appearing in the source image.
```python
objs = DeepFace.analyze(
img_path = "img4.jpg",
actions = ['age', 'gender', 'race', 'emotion'],
)
```
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/stock-2.jpg" width="95%" height="95%"></p>
Age model got ± 4.65 MAE; gender model got 97.44% accuracy, 96.29% precision and 95.05% recall as mentioned in its [tutorial](https://sefiks.com/2019/02/13/apparent-age-and-gender-prediction-in-keras/).
**Face Detection and Alignment** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/GZ2p2hj2H5k)
Face detection and alignment are important early stages of a modern face recognition pipeline. [Experiments](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/tree/master/benchmarks) show that detection increases the face recognition accuracy up to 42%, while alignment increases it up to 6%. [`OpenCV`](https://sefiks.com/2020/02/23/face-alignment-for-face-recognition-in-python-within-opencv/), [`Ssd`](https://sefiks.com/2020/08/25/deep-face-detection-with-opencv-in-python/), [`Dlib`](https://sefiks.com/2020/07/11/face-recognition-with-dlib-in-python/), [`MtCnn`](https://sefiks.com/2020/09/09/deep-face-detection-with-mtcnn-in-python/), `Faster MtCnn`, [`RetinaFace`](https://sefiks.com/2021/04/27/deep-face-detection-with-retinaface-in-python/), [`MediaPipe`](https://sefiks.com/2022/01/14/deep-face-detection-with-mediapipe/), `Yolo`, `YuNet` and `CenterFace` detectors are wrapped in deepface.
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/detector-portfolio-v6.jpg" width="95%" height="95%"></p>
All deepface functions accept optional detector backend and align input arguments. You can switch among those detectors and alignment modes with these arguments. OpenCV is the default detector and alignment is on by default.
```python
backends = [
'opencv',
'ssd',
'dlib',
'mtcnn',
'fastmtcnn',
'retinaface',
'mediapipe',
'yolov8',
'yunet',
'centerface',
]
alignment_modes = [True, False]
#face verification
obj = DeepFace.verify(
img1_path = "img1.jpg",
img2_path = "img2.jpg",
detector_backend = backends[0],
align = alignment_modes[0],
)
#face recognition
dfs = DeepFace.find(
img_path = "img.jpg",
db_path = "my_db",
detector_backend = backends[1],
align = alignment_modes[0],
)
#embeddings
embedding_objs = DeepFace.represent(
img_path = "img.jpg",
detector_backend = backends[2],
align = alignment_modes[0],
)
#facial analysis
demographies = DeepFace.analyze(
img_path = "img4.jpg",
detector_backend = backends[3],
align = alignment_modes[0],
)
#face detection and alignment
face_objs = DeepFace.extract_faces(
img_path = "img.jpg",
detector_backend = backends[4],
align = alignment_modes[0],
)
```
Face recognition models are actually CNN models and they expect standard sized inputs. So, resizing is required before representation. To avoid deformation, deepface adds black padding pixels according to the target size argument after detection and alignment.
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/detector-outputs-20240414.jpg" width="90%" height="90%"></p>
[RetinaFace](https://sefiks.com/2021/04/27/deep-face-detection-with-retinaface-in-python/) and [MtCnn](https://sefiks.com/2020/09/09/deep-face-detection-with-mtcnn-in-python/) seem to overperform in detection and alignment stages but they are much slower. If the speed of your pipeline is more important, then you should use opencv or ssd. On the other hand, if you consider the accuracy, then you should use retinaface or mtcnn.
The performance of RetinaFace is very satisfactory even in the crowd as seen in the following illustration. Besides, it comes with an incredible facial landmark detection performance. Highlighted red points show some facial landmarks such as eyes, nose and mouth. That's why, alignment score of RetinaFace is high as well.
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/retinaface-results.jpeg" width="90%" height="90%">
<br><em>The Yellow Angels - Fenerbahce Women's Volleyball Team</em>
</p>
You can find out more about RetinaFace on this [repo](https://github.com/serengil/retinaface).
**Real Time Analysis** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/-c9sSJcx6wI)
You can run deepface for real time videos as well. Stream function will access your webcam and apply both face recognition and facial attribute analysis. The function starts to analyze a frame if it can focus a face sequentially 5 frames. Then, it shows results 5 seconds.
```python
DeepFace.stream(db_path = "C:/User/Sefik/Desktop/database")
```
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/stock-3.jpg" width="90%" height="90%"></p>
Even though face recognition is based on one-shot learning, you can use multiple face pictures of a person as well. You should rearrange your directory structure as illustrated below.
```bash
user
├── database
│ ├── Alice
│ │ ├── Alice1.jpg
│ │ ├── Alice2.jpg
│ ├── Bob
│ │ ├── Bob.jpg
```
**React UI** - [`Demo part-i`](https://youtu.be/IXoah6rhxac), [`Demo part-ii`](https://youtu.be/_waBA-cH2D4)
If you intend to perform face verification tasks directly from your browser, [deepface-react-ui](https://github.com/serengil/deepface-react-ui) is a separate repository built using ReactJS depending on deepface api.
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/deepface-and-react.jpg" width="90%" height="90%"></p>
**Face Anti Spoofing** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/UiK1aIjOBlQ)
DeepFace also includes an anti-spoofing analysis module to understand given image is real or fake. To activate this feature, set the `anti_spoofing` argument to True in any DeepFace tasks.
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/face-anti-spoofing.jpg" width="40%" height="40%"></p>
```python
# anti spoofing test in face detection
face_objs = DeepFace.extract_faces(
img_path="dataset/img1.jpg",
anti_spoofing = True
)
assert all(face_obj["is_real"] is True for face_obj in face_objs)
# anti spoofing test in real time analysis
DeepFace.stream(
db_path = "C:/User/Sefik/Desktop/database",
anti_spoofing = True
)
```
**API** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/HeKCQ6U9XmI)
DeepFace serves an API as well - see [`api folder`](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/tree/master/deepface/api/src) for more details. You can clone deepface source code and run the api with the following command. It will use gunicorn server to get a rest service up. In this way, you can call deepface from an external system such as mobile app or web.
```shell
cd scripts
./service.sh
```
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/deepface-api.jpg" width="90%" height="90%"></p>
Face recognition, facial attribute analysis and vector representation functions are covered in the API. You are expected to call these functions as http post methods. Default service endpoints will be `http://localhost:5005/verify` for face recognition, `http://localhost:5005/analyze` for facial attribute analysis, and `http://localhost:5005/represent` for vector representation. You can pass input images as exact image paths on your environment, base64 encoded strings or images on web. [Here](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/tree/master/deepface/api/postman), you can find a postman project to find out how these methods should be called.
**Dockerized Service** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/9Tk9lRQareA)
[](https://hub.docker.com/r/serengil/deepface)
The following command set will serve deepface on `localhost:5005` via docker. Then, you will be able to consume deepface services such as verify, analyze and represent. Also, if you want to build the image by your own instead of pre-built image from docker hub, [Dockerfile](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/blob/master/Dockerfile) is available in the root folder of the project.
```shell
# docker build -t serengil/deepface . # build docker image from Dockerfile
docker pull serengil/deepface # use pre-built docker image from docker hub
docker run -p 5005:5000 serengil/deepface
```
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/deepface-dockerized-v2.jpg" width="50%" height="50%"></p>
**Command Line Interface** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/PKKTAr3ts2s)
DeepFace comes with a command line interface as well. You are able to access its functions in command line as shown below. The command deepface expects the function name as 1st argument and function arguments thereafter.
```shell
#face verification
$ deepface verify -img1_path tests/dataset/img1.jpg -img2_path tests/dataset/img2.jpg
#facial analysis
$ deepface analyze -img_path tests/dataset/img1.jpg
```
You can also run these commands if you are running deepface with docker. Please follow the instructions in the [shell script](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/blob/master/scripts/dockerize.sh#L17).
**Large Scale Facial Recognition** - [`Playlist`](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsS_1RYmYQQGSJu_Z3OVhXhGmZ86_zuIm)
If your task requires facial recognition on large datasets, you should combine DeepFace with a vector index or vector database. This setup will perform [approximate nearest neighbor](https://youtu.be/c10w0Ptn_CU) searches instead of exact ones, allowing you to identify a face in a database containing billions of entries within milliseconds. Common vector index solutions include [Annoy](https://youtu.be/Jpxm914o2xk), [Faiss](https://youtu.be/6AmEvDTKT-k), [Voyager](https://youtu.be/2ZYTV9HlFdU), [NMSLIB](https://youtu.be/EVBhO8rbKbg), [ElasticSearch](https://youtu.be/i4GvuOmzKzo). For vector databases, popular options are [Postgres with its pgvector extension](https://youtu.be/Xfv4hCWvkp0) and [RediSearch](https://youtu.be/yrXlS0d6t4w).
<p align="center"><img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/deepface-big-data.jpg" width="90%" height="90%"></p>
Conversely, if your task involves facial recognition on small to moderate-sized databases, you can adopt use relational databases such as [Postgres](https://youtu.be/f41sLxn1c0k) or [SQLite](https://youtu.be/_1ShBeWToPg), or NoSQL databases like [Mongo](https://youtu.be/dmprgum9Xu8), [Redis](https://youtu.be/X7DSpUMVTsw) or [Cassandra](https://youtu.be/J_yXpc3Y8Ec) to perform exact nearest neighbor search.
## Contribution
Pull requests are more than welcome! If you are planning to contribute a large patch, please create an issue first to get any upfront questions or design decisions out of the way first.
Before creating a PR, you should run the unit tests and linting locally by running `make test && make lint` command. Once a PR sent, GitHub test workflow will be run automatically and unit test and linting jobs will be available in [GitHub actions](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/actions) before approval.
## Support
There are many ways to support a project - starring⭐️ the GitHub repo is just one 🙏
If you do like this work, then you can support it financially on [Patreon](https://www.patreon.com/serengil?repo=deepface), [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/serengil) or [Buy Me a Coffee](https://buymeacoffee.com/serengil).
<a href="https://www.patreon.com/serengil?repo=deepface">
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/patreon.png" width="30%" height="30%">
</a>
<a href="https://buymeacoffee.com/serengil">
<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/bmc-button.png" width="25%" height="25%">
</a>
Also, your company's logo will be shown on README on GitHub if you become a sponsor in gold, silver or bronze tiers.
## Citation
Please cite deepface in your publications if it helps your research - see [`CITATIONS`](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/blob/master/CITATION.md) for more details. Here are its BibTex entries:
If you use deepface in your research for facial recogntion or face detection purposes, please cite these publications:
```BibTeX
@article{serengil2024lightface,
title = {A Benchmark of Facial Recognition Pipelines and Co-Usability Performances of Modules},
author = {Serengil, Sefik and Ozpinar, Alper},
journal = {Journal of Information Technologies},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {95-107},
year = {2024},
doi = {10.17671/gazibtd.1399077},
url = {https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gazibtd/issue/84331/1399077},
publisher = {Gazi University}
}
```
```BibTeX
@inproceedings{serengil2020lightface,
title = {LightFace: A Hybrid Deep Face Recognition Framework},
author = {Serengil, Sefik Ilkin and Ozpinar, Alper},
booktitle = {2020 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference (ASYU)},
pages = {23-27},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.1109/ASYU50717.2020.9259802},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9259802},
organization = {IEEE}
}
```
On the other hand, if you use deepface in your research for facial attribute analysis purposes such as age, gender, emotion or ethnicity prediction tasks, please cite this publication.
```BibTeX
@inproceedings{serengil2021lightface,
title = {HyperExtended LightFace: A Facial Attribute Analysis Framework},
author = {Serengil, Sefik Ilkin and Ozpinar, Alper},
booktitle = {2021 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)},
pages = {1-4},
year = {2021},
doi = {10.1109/ICEET53442.2021.9659697},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659697},
organization = {IEEE}
}
```
Also, if you use deepface in your GitHub projects, please add `deepface` in the `requirements.txt`.
## Licence
DeepFace is licensed under the MIT License - see [`LICENSE`](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/blob/master/LICENSE) for more details.
DeepFace wraps some external face recognition models: [VGG-Face](http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/software/vgg_face/), [Facenet](https://github.com/davidsandberg/facenet/blob/master/LICENSE.md) (both 128d and 512d), [OpenFace](https://github.com/iwantooxxoox/Keras-OpenFace/blob/master/LICENSE), [DeepFace](https://github.com/swghosh/DeepFace), [DeepID](https://github.com/Ruoyiran/DeepID/blob/master/LICENSE.md), [ArcFace](https://github.com/leondgarse/Keras_insightface/blob/master/LICENSE), [Dlib](https://github.com/davisking/dlib/blob/master/dlib/LICENSE.txt), [SFace](https://github.com/opencv/opencv_zoo/blob/master/models/face_recognition_sface/LICENSE) and [GhostFaceNet](https://github.com/HamadYA/GhostFaceNets/blob/main/LICENSE). Besides, age, gender and race / ethnicity models were trained on the backbone of VGG-Face with transfer learning. Similarly, DeepFace wraps many face detectors: [OpenCv](https://github.com/opencv/opencv/blob/4.x/LICENSE), [Ssd](https://github.com/opencv/opencv/blob/master/LICENSE), [Dlib](https://github.com/davisking/dlib/blob/master/LICENSE.txt), [MtCnn](https://github.com/ipazc/mtcnn/blob/master/LICENSE), [Fast MtCnn](https://github.com/timesler/facenet-pytorch/blob/master/LICENSE.md), [RetinaFace](https://github.com/serengil/retinaface/blob/master/LICENSE), [MediaPipe](https://github.com/google/mediapipe/blob/master/LICENSE), [YuNet](https://github.com/ShiqiYu/libfacedetection/blob/master/LICENSE), [Yolo](https://github.com/derronqi/yolov8-face/blob/main/LICENSE) and [CenterFace](https://github.com/Star-Clouds/CenterFace/blob/master/LICENSE). Finally, DeepFace is optionally using [face anti spoofing](https://github.com/minivision-ai/Silent-Face-Anti-Spoofing/blob/master/LICENSE) to determine the given images are real or fake. License types will be inherited when you intend to utilize those models. Please check the license types of those models for production purposes.
DeepFace [logo](https://thenounproject.com/term/face-recognition/2965879/) is created by [Adrien Coquet](https://thenounproject.com/coquet_adrien/) and it is licensed under [Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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"description": "# deepface\n\n<div align=\"center\">\n\n[](https://pepy.tech/project/deepface)\n[](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/stargazers)\n[](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/blob/master/LICENSE)\n[](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/actions/workflows/tests.yml)\n[](https://doi.org/10.17671/gazibtd.1399077)\n\n[](https://sefiks.com)\n[](https://www.youtube.com/@sefiks?sub_confirmation=1)\n[](https://twitter.com/intent/user?screen_name=serengil)\n\n[](https://www.patreon.com/serengil?repo=deepface)\n[](https://github.com/sponsors/serengil)\n[](https://buymeacoffee.com/serengil)\n\n<!-- [](https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEET53442.2021.9659697) -->\n<!-- [](https://doi.org/10.1109/ASYU50717.2020.9259802) -->\n\n</div>\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/deepface-icon-labeled.png\" width=\"200\" height=\"240\"></p>\n\nDeepFace is a lightweight [face recognition](https://sefiks.com/2018/08/06/deep-face-recognition-with-keras/) and facial attribute analysis ([age](https://sefiks.com/2019/02/13/apparent-age-and-gender-prediction-in-keras/), [gender](https://sefiks.com/2019/02/13/apparent-age-and-gender-prediction-in-keras/), [emotion](https://sefiks.com/2018/01/01/facial-expression-recognition-with-keras/) and [race](https://sefiks.com/2019/11/11/race-and-ethnicity-prediction-in-keras/)) framework for python. It is a hybrid face recognition framework wrapping **state-of-the-art** models: [`VGG-Face`](https://sefiks.com/2018/08/06/deep-face-recognition-with-keras/), [`FaceNet`](https://sefiks.com/2018/09/03/face-recognition-with-facenet-in-keras/), [`OpenFace`](https://sefiks.com/2019/07/21/face-recognition-with-openface-in-keras/), [`DeepFace`](https://sefiks.com/2020/02/17/face-recognition-with-facebook-deepface-in-keras/), [`DeepID`](https://sefiks.com/2020/06/16/face-recognition-with-deepid-in-keras/), [`ArcFace`](https://sefiks.com/2020/12/14/deep-face-recognition-with-arcface-in-keras-and-python/), [`Dlib`](https://sefiks.com/2020/07/11/face-recognition-with-dlib-in-python/), `SFace` and `GhostFaceNet`.\n\n[`Experiments`](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/tree/master/benchmarks) show that **human beings have 97.53% accuracy** on facial recognition tasks whereas those models already reached and passed that accuracy level.\n\n## Installation [](https://pypi.org/project/deepface/)\n\nThe easiest way to install deepface is to download it from [`PyPI`](https://pypi.org/project/deepface/). It's going to install the library itself and its prerequisites as well.\n\n```shell\n$ pip install deepface\n```\n\nAlternatively, you can also install deepface from its source code. Source code may have new features not published in pip release yet.\n\n```shell\n$ git clone https://github.com/serengil/deepface.git\n$ cd deepface\n$ pip install -e .\n```\n\nOnce you installed the library, then you will be able to import it and use its functionalities.\n\n```python\nfrom deepface import DeepFace\n```\n\n**A Modern Facial Recognition Pipeline** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/WnUVYQP4h44)\n\nA modern [**face recognition pipeline**](https://sefiks.com/2020/05/01/a-gentle-introduction-to-face-recognition-in-deep-learning/) consists of 5 common stages: [detect](https://sefiks.com/2020/08/25/deep-face-detection-with-opencv-in-python/), [align](https://sefiks.com/2020/02/23/face-alignment-for-face-recognition-in-python-within-opencv/), [normalize](https://sefiks.com/2020/11/20/facial-landmarks-for-face-recognition-with-dlib/), [represent](https://sefiks.com/2018/08/06/deep-face-recognition-with-keras/) and [verify](https://sefiks.com/2020/05/22/fine-tuning-the-threshold-in-face-recognition/). While DeepFace handles all these common stages in the background, you don\u2019t need to acquire in-depth knowledge about all the processes behind it. You can just call its verification, find or analysis function with a single line of code.\n\n**Face Verification** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/KRCvkNCOphE)\n\nThis function verifies face pairs as same person or different persons. It expects exact image paths as inputs. Passing numpy or base64 encoded images is also welcome. Then, it is going to return a dictionary and you should check just its verified key.\n\n```python\nresult = DeepFace.verify(\n img1_path = \"img1.jpg\",\n img2_path = \"img2.jpg\",\n)\n```\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/stock-1.jpg\" width=\"95%\" height=\"95%\"></p>\n\n**Face recognition** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/Hrjp-EStM_s)\n\n[Face recognition](https://sefiks.com/2020/05/25/large-scale-face-recognition-for-deep-learning/) requires applying face verification many times. Herein, deepface has an out-of-the-box find function to handle this action. It's going to look for the identity of input image in the database path and it will return list of pandas data frame as output. Meanwhile, facial embeddings of the facial database are stored in a pickle file to be searched faster in next time. Result is going to be the size of faces appearing in the source image. Besides, target images in the database can have many faces as well.\n\n\n```python\ndfs = DeepFace.find(\n img_path = \"img1.jpg\",\n db_path = \"C:/workspace/my_db\",\n)\n```\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/stock-6-v2.jpg\" width=\"95%\" height=\"95%\"></p>\n\n**Embeddings** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/OYialFo7Qo4)\n\nFace recognition models basically represent facial images as multi-dimensional vectors. Sometimes, you need those embedding vectors directly. DeepFace comes with a dedicated representation function. Represent function returns a list of embeddings. Result is going to be the size of faces appearing in the image path.\n\n```python\nembedding_objs = DeepFace.represent(\n img_path = \"img.jpg\"\n)\n```\n\nThis function returns an array as embedding. The size of the embedding array would be different based on the model name. For instance, VGG-Face is the default model and it represents facial images as 4096 dimensional vectors.\n\n```python\nfor embedding_obj in embedding_objs:\n embedding = embedding_obj[\"embedding\"]\n assert isinstance(embedding, list)\n assert (\n model_name == \"VGG-Face\"\n and len(embedding) == 4096\n )\n```\n\nHere, embedding is also [plotted](https://sefiks.com/2020/05/01/a-gentle-introduction-to-face-recognition-in-deep-learning/) with 4096 slots horizontally. Each slot is corresponding to a dimension value in the embedding vector and dimension value is explained in the colorbar on the right. Similar to 2D barcodes, vertical dimension stores no information in the illustration.\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/embedding.jpg\" width=\"95%\" height=\"95%\"></p>\n\n**Face recognition models** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/eKOZawGR3y0)\n\nDeepFace is a **hybrid** face recognition package. It currently wraps many **state-of-the-art** face recognition models: [`VGG-Face`](https://sefiks.com/2018/08/06/deep-face-recognition-with-keras/) , [`FaceNet`](https://sefiks.com/2018/09/03/face-recognition-with-facenet-in-keras/), [`OpenFace`](https://sefiks.com/2019/07/21/face-recognition-with-openface-in-keras/), [`DeepFace`](https://sefiks.com/2020/02/17/face-recognition-with-facebook-deepface-in-keras/), [`DeepID`](https://sefiks.com/2020/06/16/face-recognition-with-deepid-in-keras/), [`ArcFace`](https://sefiks.com/2020/12/14/deep-face-recognition-with-arcface-in-keras-and-python/), [`Dlib`](https://sefiks.com/2020/07/11/face-recognition-with-dlib-in-python/), `SFace` and `GhostFaceNet`. The default configuration uses VGG-Face model.\n\n```python\nmodels = [\n \"VGG-Face\", \n \"Facenet\", \n \"Facenet512\", \n \"OpenFace\", \n \"DeepFace\", \n \"DeepID\", \n \"ArcFace\", \n \"Dlib\", \n \"SFace\",\n \"GhostFaceNet\",\n]\n\n#face verification\nresult = DeepFace.verify(\n img1_path = \"img1.jpg\",\n img2_path = \"img2.jpg\",\n model_name = models[0],\n)\n\n#face recognition\ndfs = DeepFace.find(\n img_path = \"img1.jpg\",\n db_path = \"C:/workspace/my_db\", \n model_name = models[1],\n)\n\n#embeddings\nembedding_objs = DeepFace.represent(\n img_path = \"img.jpg\",\n model_name = models[2],\n)\n```\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/model-portfolio-20240316.jpg\" width=\"95%\" height=\"95%\"></p>\n\nFaceNet, VGG-Face, ArcFace and Dlib are overperforming ones based on experiments - see [`BENCHMARKS`](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/tree/master/benchmarks) for more details. You can find the measured scores of various models in DeepFace and the reported scores from their original studies in the following table.\n\n| Model | Measured Score | Declared Score |\n| -------------- | -------------- | ------------------ |\n| Facenet512 | 98.4% | 99.6% |\n| Human-beings | 97.5% | 97.5% |\n| Facenet | 97.4% | 99.2% |\n| Dlib | 96.8% | 99.3 % |\n| VGG-Face | 96.7% | 98.9% |\n| ArcFace | 96.7% | 99.5% |\n| GhostFaceNet | 93.3% | 99.7% |\n| SFace | 93.0% | 99.5% |\n| OpenFace | 78.7% | 92.9% |\n| DeepFace | 69.0% | 97.3% |\n| DeepID | 66.5% | 97.4% |\n\nConducting experiments with those models within DeepFace may reveal disparities compared to the original studies, owing to the adoption of distinct detection or normalization techniques. Furthermore, some models have been released solely with their backbones, lacking pre-trained weights. Thus, we are utilizing their re-implementations instead of the original pre-trained weights.\n\n**Similarity** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/1EPoS69fHOc)\n\nFace recognition models are regular [convolutional neural networks](https://sefiks.com/2018/03/23/convolutional-autoencoder-clustering-images-with-neural-networks/) and they are responsible to represent faces as vectors. We expect that a face pair of same person should be [more similar](https://sefiks.com/2020/05/22/fine-tuning-the-threshold-in-face-recognition/) than a face pair of different persons.\n\nSimilarity could be calculated by different metrics such as [Cosine Similarity](https://sefiks.com/2018/08/13/cosine-similarity-in-machine-learning/), Euclidean Distance or L2 normalized Euclidean. The default configuration uses cosine similarity. According to [experiments](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/tree/master/benchmarks), no distance metric is overperforming than other.\n\n```python\nmetrics = [\"cosine\", \"euclidean\", \"euclidean_l2\"]\n\n#face verification\nresult = DeepFace.verify(\n img1_path = \"img1.jpg\", \n img2_path = \"img2.jpg\", \n distance_metric = metrics[1],\n)\n\n#face recognition\ndfs = DeepFace.find(\n img_path = \"img1.jpg\", \n db_path = \"C:/workspace/my_db\", \n distance_metric = metrics[2],\n)\n```\n\n**Facial Attribute Analysis** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/GT2UeN85BdA)\n\nDeepFace also comes with a strong facial attribute analysis module including [`age`](https://sefiks.com/2019/02/13/apparent-age-and-gender-prediction-in-keras/), [`gender`](https://sefiks.com/2019/02/13/apparent-age-and-gender-prediction-in-keras/), [`facial expression`](https://sefiks.com/2018/01/01/facial-expression-recognition-with-keras/) (including angry, fear, neutral, sad, disgust, happy and surprise) and [`race`](https://sefiks.com/2019/11/11/race-and-ethnicity-prediction-in-keras/) (including asian, white, middle eastern, indian, latino and black) predictions. Result is going to be the size of faces appearing in the source image.\n\n```python\nobjs = DeepFace.analyze(\n img_path = \"img4.jpg\", \n actions = ['age', 'gender', 'race', 'emotion'],\n)\n```\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/stock-2.jpg\" width=\"95%\" height=\"95%\"></p>\n\nAge model got \u00b1 4.65 MAE; gender model got 97.44% accuracy, 96.29% precision and 95.05% recall as mentioned in its [tutorial](https://sefiks.com/2019/02/13/apparent-age-and-gender-prediction-in-keras/).\n\n\n**Face Detection and Alignment** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/GZ2p2hj2H5k)\n\nFace detection and alignment are important early stages of a modern face recognition pipeline. [Experiments](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/tree/master/benchmarks) show that detection increases the face recognition accuracy up to 42%, while alignment increases it up to 6%. [`OpenCV`](https://sefiks.com/2020/02/23/face-alignment-for-face-recognition-in-python-within-opencv/), [`Ssd`](https://sefiks.com/2020/08/25/deep-face-detection-with-opencv-in-python/), [`Dlib`](https://sefiks.com/2020/07/11/face-recognition-with-dlib-in-python/), [`MtCnn`](https://sefiks.com/2020/09/09/deep-face-detection-with-mtcnn-in-python/), `Faster MtCnn`, [`RetinaFace`](https://sefiks.com/2021/04/27/deep-face-detection-with-retinaface-in-python/), [`MediaPipe`](https://sefiks.com/2022/01/14/deep-face-detection-with-mediapipe/), `Yolo`, `YuNet` and `CenterFace` detectors are wrapped in deepface.\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/detector-portfolio-v6.jpg\" width=\"95%\" height=\"95%\"></p>\n\nAll deepface functions accept optional detector backend and align input arguments. You can switch among those detectors and alignment modes with these arguments. OpenCV is the default detector and alignment is on by default.\n\n```python\nbackends = [\n 'opencv', \n 'ssd', \n 'dlib', \n 'mtcnn', \n 'fastmtcnn',\n 'retinaface', \n 'mediapipe',\n 'yolov8',\n 'yunet',\n 'centerface',\n]\n\nalignment_modes = [True, False]\n\n#face verification\nobj = DeepFace.verify(\n img1_path = \"img1.jpg\", \n img2_path = \"img2.jpg\", \n detector_backend = backends[0],\n align = alignment_modes[0],\n)\n\n#face recognition\ndfs = DeepFace.find(\n img_path = \"img.jpg\", \n db_path = \"my_db\", \n detector_backend = backends[1],\n align = alignment_modes[0],\n)\n\n#embeddings\nembedding_objs = DeepFace.represent(\n img_path = \"img.jpg\", \n detector_backend = backends[2],\n align = alignment_modes[0],\n)\n\n#facial analysis\ndemographies = DeepFace.analyze(\n img_path = \"img4.jpg\", \n detector_backend = backends[3],\n align = alignment_modes[0],\n)\n\n#face detection and alignment\nface_objs = DeepFace.extract_faces(\n img_path = \"img.jpg\", \n detector_backend = backends[4],\n align = alignment_modes[0],\n)\n```\n\nFace recognition models are actually CNN models and they expect standard sized inputs. So, resizing is required before representation. To avoid deformation, deepface adds black padding pixels according to the target size argument after detection and alignment.\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/detector-outputs-20240414.jpg\" width=\"90%\" height=\"90%\"></p>\n\n[RetinaFace](https://sefiks.com/2021/04/27/deep-face-detection-with-retinaface-in-python/) and [MtCnn](https://sefiks.com/2020/09/09/deep-face-detection-with-mtcnn-in-python/) seem to overperform in detection and alignment stages but they are much slower. If the speed of your pipeline is more important, then you should use opencv or ssd. On the other hand, if you consider the accuracy, then you should use retinaface or mtcnn.\n\nThe performance of RetinaFace is very satisfactory even in the crowd as seen in the following illustration. Besides, it comes with an incredible facial landmark detection performance. Highlighted red points show some facial landmarks such as eyes, nose and mouth. That's why, alignment score of RetinaFace is high as well.\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/retinaface-results.jpeg\" width=\"90%\" height=\"90%\">\n<br><em>The Yellow Angels - Fenerbahce Women's Volleyball Team</em>\n</p>\n\nYou can find out more about RetinaFace on this [repo](https://github.com/serengil/retinaface).\n\n**Real Time Analysis** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/-c9sSJcx6wI)\n\nYou can run deepface for real time videos as well. Stream function will access your webcam and apply both face recognition and facial attribute analysis. The function starts to analyze a frame if it can focus a face sequentially 5 frames. Then, it shows results 5 seconds.\n\n```python\nDeepFace.stream(db_path = \"C:/User/Sefik/Desktop/database\")\n```\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/stock-3.jpg\" width=\"90%\" height=\"90%\"></p>\n\nEven though face recognition is based on one-shot learning, you can use multiple face pictures of a person as well. You should rearrange your directory structure as illustrated below.\n\n```bash\nuser\n\u251c\u2500\u2500 database\n\u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 Alice\n\u2502 \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 Alice1.jpg\n\u2502 \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 Alice2.jpg\n\u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 Bob\n\u2502 \u2502 \u251c\u2500\u2500 Bob.jpg\n```\n\n**React UI** - [`Demo part-i`](https://youtu.be/IXoah6rhxac), [`Demo part-ii`](https://youtu.be/_waBA-cH2D4)\n\nIf you intend to perform face verification tasks directly from your browser, [deepface-react-ui](https://github.com/serengil/deepface-react-ui) is a separate repository built using ReactJS depending on deepface api.\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/deepface-and-react.jpg\" width=\"90%\" height=\"90%\"></p>\n\n**Face Anti Spoofing** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/UiK1aIjOBlQ)\n\nDeepFace also includes an anti-spoofing analysis module to understand given image is real or fake. To activate this feature, set the `anti_spoofing` argument to True in any DeepFace tasks.\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/face-anti-spoofing.jpg\" width=\"40%\" height=\"40%\"></p>\n\n```python\n# anti spoofing test in face detection\nface_objs = DeepFace.extract_faces(\n img_path=\"dataset/img1.jpg\",\n anti_spoofing = True\n)\nassert all(face_obj[\"is_real\"] is True for face_obj in face_objs)\n\n# anti spoofing test in real time analysis\nDeepFace.stream(\n db_path = \"C:/User/Sefik/Desktop/database\",\n anti_spoofing = True\n)\n```\n\n**API** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/HeKCQ6U9XmI)\n\nDeepFace serves an API as well - see [`api folder`](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/tree/master/deepface/api/src) for more details. You can clone deepface source code and run the api with the following command. It will use gunicorn server to get a rest service up. In this way, you can call deepface from an external system such as mobile app or web.\n\n```shell\ncd scripts\n./service.sh\n```\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/deepface-api.jpg\" width=\"90%\" height=\"90%\"></p>\n\nFace recognition, facial attribute analysis and vector representation functions are covered in the API. You are expected to call these functions as http post methods. Default service endpoints will be `http://localhost:5005/verify` for face recognition, `http://localhost:5005/analyze` for facial attribute analysis, and `http://localhost:5005/represent` for vector representation. You can pass input images as exact image paths on your environment, base64 encoded strings or images on web. [Here](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/tree/master/deepface/api/postman), you can find a postman project to find out how these methods should be called.\n\n**Dockerized Service** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/9Tk9lRQareA)\n\n[](https://hub.docker.com/r/serengil/deepface)\n\nThe following command set will serve deepface on `localhost:5005` via docker. Then, you will be able to consume deepface services such as verify, analyze and represent. Also, if you want to build the image by your own instead of pre-built image from docker hub, [Dockerfile](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/blob/master/Dockerfile) is available in the root folder of the project.\n\n```shell\n# docker build -t serengil/deepface . # build docker image from Dockerfile\ndocker pull serengil/deepface # use pre-built docker image from docker hub\ndocker run -p 5005:5000 serengil/deepface\n```\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/deepface-dockerized-v2.jpg\" width=\"50%\" height=\"50%\"></p>\n\n**Command Line Interface** - [`Demo`](https://youtu.be/PKKTAr3ts2s)\n\nDeepFace comes with a command line interface as well. You are able to access its functions in command line as shown below. The command deepface expects the function name as 1st argument and function arguments thereafter.\n\n```shell\n#face verification\n$ deepface verify -img1_path tests/dataset/img1.jpg -img2_path tests/dataset/img2.jpg\n\n#facial analysis\n$ deepface analyze -img_path tests/dataset/img1.jpg\n```\n\nYou can also run these commands if you are running deepface with docker. Please follow the instructions in the [shell script](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/blob/master/scripts/dockerize.sh#L17).\n\n**Large Scale Facial Recognition** - [`Playlist`](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsS_1RYmYQQGSJu_Z3OVhXhGmZ86_zuIm)\n\nIf your task requires facial recognition on large datasets, you should combine DeepFace with a vector index or vector database. This setup will perform [approximate nearest neighbor](https://youtu.be/c10w0Ptn_CU) searches instead of exact ones, allowing you to identify a face in a database containing billions of entries within milliseconds. Common vector index solutions include [Annoy](https://youtu.be/Jpxm914o2xk), [Faiss](https://youtu.be/6AmEvDTKT-k), [Voyager](https://youtu.be/2ZYTV9HlFdU), [NMSLIB](https://youtu.be/EVBhO8rbKbg), [ElasticSearch](https://youtu.be/i4GvuOmzKzo). For vector databases, popular options are [Postgres with its pgvector extension](https://youtu.be/Xfv4hCWvkp0) and [RediSearch](https://youtu.be/yrXlS0d6t4w).\n\n<p align=\"center\"><img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/deepface-big-data.jpg\" width=\"90%\" height=\"90%\"></p>\n\nConversely, if your task involves facial recognition on small to moderate-sized databases, you can adopt use relational databases such as [Postgres](https://youtu.be/f41sLxn1c0k) or [SQLite](https://youtu.be/_1ShBeWToPg), or NoSQL databases like [Mongo](https://youtu.be/dmprgum9Xu8), [Redis](https://youtu.be/X7DSpUMVTsw) or [Cassandra](https://youtu.be/J_yXpc3Y8Ec) to perform exact nearest neighbor search.\n\n## Contribution\n\nPull requests are more than welcome! If you are planning to contribute a large patch, please create an issue first to get any upfront questions or design decisions out of the way first.\n\nBefore creating a PR, you should run the unit tests and linting locally by running `make test && make lint` command. Once a PR sent, GitHub test workflow will be run automatically and unit test and linting jobs will be available in [GitHub actions](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/actions) before approval.\n\n## Support\n\nThere are many ways to support a project - starring\u2b50\ufe0f the GitHub repo is just one \ud83d\ude4f\n\nIf you do like this work, then you can support it financially on [Patreon](https://www.patreon.com/serengil?repo=deepface), [GitHub Sponsors](https://github.com/sponsors/serengil) or [Buy Me a Coffee](https://buymeacoffee.com/serengil).\n\n<a href=\"https://www.patreon.com/serengil?repo=deepface\">\n<img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/patreon.png\" width=\"30%\" height=\"30%\">\n</a>\n\n<a href=\"https://buymeacoffee.com/serengil\">\n<img src=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/serengil/deepface/master/icon/bmc-button.png\" width=\"25%\" height=\"25%\">\n</a>\n\nAlso, your company's logo will be shown on README on GitHub if you become a sponsor in gold, silver or bronze tiers.\n\n## Citation\n\nPlease cite deepface in your publications if it helps your research - see [`CITATIONS`](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/blob/master/CITATION.md) for more details. Here are its BibTex entries:\n\nIf you use deepface in your research for facial recogntion or face detection purposes, please cite these publications:\n\n```BibTeX\n@article{serengil2024lightface,\n title = {A Benchmark of Facial Recognition Pipelines and Co-Usability Performances of Modules},\n author = {Serengil, Sefik and Ozpinar, Alper},\n journal = {Journal of Information Technologies},\n volume = {17},\n number = {2},\n pages = {95-107},\n year = {2024},\n doi = {10.17671/gazibtd.1399077},\n url = {https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gazibtd/issue/84331/1399077},\n publisher = {Gazi University}\n}\n```\n\n```BibTeX\n@inproceedings{serengil2020lightface,\n title = {LightFace: A Hybrid Deep Face Recognition Framework},\n author = {Serengil, Sefik Ilkin and Ozpinar, Alper},\n booktitle = {2020 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference (ASYU)},\n pages = {23-27},\n year = {2020},\n doi = {10.1109/ASYU50717.2020.9259802},\n url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9259802},\n organization = {IEEE}\n}\n```\n\nOn the other hand, if you use deepface in your research for facial attribute analysis purposes such as age, gender, emotion or ethnicity prediction tasks, please cite this publication.\n\n```BibTeX\n@inproceedings{serengil2021lightface,\n title = {HyperExtended LightFace: A Facial Attribute Analysis Framework},\n author = {Serengil, Sefik Ilkin and Ozpinar, Alper},\n booktitle = {2021 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET)},\n pages = {1-4},\n year = {2021},\n doi = {10.1109/ICEET53442.2021.9659697},\n url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9659697},\n organization = {IEEE}\n}\n```\n\nAlso, if you use deepface in your GitHub projects, please add `deepface` in the `requirements.txt`.\n\n## Licence\n\nDeepFace is licensed under the MIT License - see [`LICENSE`](https://github.com/serengil/deepface/blob/master/LICENSE) for more details.\n\nDeepFace wraps some external face recognition models: [VGG-Face](http://www.robots.ox.ac.uk/~vgg/software/vgg_face/), [Facenet](https://github.com/davidsandberg/facenet/blob/master/LICENSE.md) (both 128d and 512d), [OpenFace](https://github.com/iwantooxxoox/Keras-OpenFace/blob/master/LICENSE), [DeepFace](https://github.com/swghosh/DeepFace), [DeepID](https://github.com/Ruoyiran/DeepID/blob/master/LICENSE.md), [ArcFace](https://github.com/leondgarse/Keras_insightface/blob/master/LICENSE), [Dlib](https://github.com/davisking/dlib/blob/master/dlib/LICENSE.txt), [SFace](https://github.com/opencv/opencv_zoo/blob/master/models/face_recognition_sface/LICENSE) and [GhostFaceNet](https://github.com/HamadYA/GhostFaceNets/blob/main/LICENSE). Besides, age, gender and race / ethnicity models were trained on the backbone of VGG-Face with transfer learning. Similarly, DeepFace wraps many face detectors: [OpenCv](https://github.com/opencv/opencv/blob/4.x/LICENSE), [Ssd](https://github.com/opencv/opencv/blob/master/LICENSE), [Dlib](https://github.com/davisking/dlib/blob/master/LICENSE.txt), [MtCnn](https://github.com/ipazc/mtcnn/blob/master/LICENSE), [Fast MtCnn](https://github.com/timesler/facenet-pytorch/blob/master/LICENSE.md), [RetinaFace](https://github.com/serengil/retinaface/blob/master/LICENSE), [MediaPipe](https://github.com/google/mediapipe/blob/master/LICENSE), [YuNet](https://github.com/ShiqiYu/libfacedetection/blob/master/LICENSE), [Yolo](https://github.com/derronqi/yolov8-face/blob/main/LICENSE) and [CenterFace](https://github.com/Star-Clouds/CenterFace/blob/master/LICENSE). Finally, DeepFace is optionally using [face anti spoofing](https://github.com/minivision-ai/Silent-Face-Anti-Spoofing/blob/master/LICENSE) to determine the given images are real or fake. License types will be inherited when you intend to utilize those models. Please check the license types of those models for production purposes.\n\nDeepFace [logo](https://thenounproject.com/term/face-recognition/2965879/) is created by [Adrien Coquet](https://thenounproject.com/coquet_adrien/) and it is licensed under [Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).\n",
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