| Name | flare-capa JSON |
| Version |
7.0.1
JSON |
| download |
| home_page | |
| Summary | The FLARE team's open-source tool to identify capabilities in executable files. |
| upload_time | 2024-02-02 10:24:33 |
| maintainer | |
| docs_url | None |
| author | |
| requires_python | >=3.8 |
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| keywords |
malware analysis
reverse engineering
capability detection
software behaviors
capa
flare
|
| VCS |
 |
| bugtrack_url |
|
| requirements |
No requirements were recorded.
|
| Travis-CI |
No Travis.
|
| coveralls test coverage |
No coveralls.
|
[](https://pypi.org/project/flare-capa)
[](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/releases)
[](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules)
[](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/actions?query=workflow%3ACI+event%3Apush+branch%3Amaster)
[](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/releases)
[](LICENSE.txt)
capa detects capabilities in executable files.
You run it against a PE, ELF, .NET module, shellcode file, or a sandbox report and it tells you what it thinks the program can do.
For example, it might suggest that the file is a backdoor, is capable of installing services, or relies on HTTP to communicate.
Check out our capa blog posts:
- [Dynamic capa: Exploring Executable Run-Time Behavior with the CAPE Sandbox](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/dynamic-capa-executable-behavior-cape-sandbox)
- [capa v4: casting a wider .NET](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/capa-v4-casting-wider-net) (.NET support)
- [ELFant in the Room – capa v3](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/elfant-in-the-room-capa-v3) (ELF support)
- [capa 2.0: Better, Stronger, Faster](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/capa-2-better-stronger-faster)
- [capa: Automatically Identify Malware Capabilities](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/capa-automatically-identify-malware-capabilities)
```
$ capa.exe suspicious.exe
+------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ATT&CK Tactic | ATT&CK Technique |
|------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| DEFENSE EVASION | Obfuscated Files or Information [T1027] |
| DISCOVERY | Query Registry [T1012] |
| | System Information Discovery [T1082] |
| EXECUTION | Command and Scripting Interpreter::Windows Command Shell [T1059.003] |
| | Shared Modules [T1129] |
| EXFILTRATION | Exfiltration Over C2 Channel [T1041] |
| PERSISTENCE | Create or Modify System Process::Windows Service [T1543.003] |
+------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| CAPABILITY | NAMESPACE |
|-------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------|
| check for OutputDebugString error | anti-analysis/anti-debugging/debugger-detection |
| read and send data from client to server | c2/file-transfer |
| execute shell command and capture output | c2/shell |
| receive data (2 matches) | communication |
| send data (6 matches) | communication |
| connect to HTTP server (3 matches) | communication/http/client |
| send HTTP request (3 matches) | communication/http/client |
| create pipe | communication/named-pipe/create |
| get socket status (2 matches) | communication/socket |
| receive data on socket (2 matches) | communication/socket/receive |
| send data on socket (3 matches) | communication/socket/send |
| connect TCP socket | communication/socket/tcp |
| encode data using Base64 | data-manipulation/encoding/base64 |
| encode data using XOR (6 matches) | data-manipulation/encoding/xor |
| run as a service | executable/pe |
| get common file path (3 matches) | host-interaction/file-system |
| read file | host-interaction/file-system/read |
| write file (2 matches) | host-interaction/file-system/write |
| print debug messages (2 matches) | host-interaction/log/debug/write-event |
| resolve DNS | host-interaction/network/dns/resolve |
| get hostname | host-interaction/os/hostname |
| create a process with modified I/O handles and window | host-interaction/process/create |
| create process | host-interaction/process/create |
| create registry key | host-interaction/registry/create |
| create service | host-interaction/service/create |
| create thread | host-interaction/thread/create |
| persist via Windows service | persistence/service |
+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
```
# download and usage
Download stable releases of the standalone capa binaries [here](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/releases). You can run the standalone binaries without installation. capa is a command line tool that should be run from the terminal.
To use capa as a library or integrate with another tool, see [doc/installation.md](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/doc/installation.md) for further setup instructions.
For more information about how to use capa, see [doc/usage.md](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/doc/usage.md).
# example
In the above sample output, we ran capa against an unknown binary (`suspicious.exe`),
and the tool reported that the program can send HTTP requests, decode data via XOR and Base64,
install services, and spawn new processes.
Taken together, this makes us think that `suspicious.exe` could be a persistent backdoor.
Therefore, our next analysis step might be to run `suspicious.exe` in a sandbox and try to recover the command and control server.
By passing the `-vv` flag (for very verbose), capa reports exactly where it found evidence of these capabilities.
This is useful for at least two reasons:
- it helps explain why we should trust the results, and enables us to verify the conclusions, and
- it shows where within the binary an experienced analyst might study with IDA Pro
```
$ capa.exe suspicious.exe -vv
...
execute shell command and capture output
namespace c2/shell
author matthew.williams@mandiant.com
scope function
att&ck Execution::Command and Scripting Interpreter::Windows Command Shell [T1059.003]
references https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/processthreadsapi/ns-processthreadsapi-startupinfoa
function @ 0x4011C0
and:
match: create a process with modified I/O handles and window @ 0x4011C0
and:
number: 257 = STARTF_USESTDHANDLES | STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW @ 0x4012B8
or:
number: 68 = StartupInfo.cb (size) @ 0x401282
or: = API functions that accept a pointer to a STARTUPINFO structure
api: kernel32.CreateProcess @ 0x401343
match: create pipe @ 0x4011C0
or:
api: kernel32.CreatePipe @ 0x40126F, 0x401280
optional:
match: create thread @ 0x40136A, 0x4013BA
or:
and:
os: windows
or:
api: kernel32.CreateThread @ 0x4013D7
or:
and:
os: windows
or:
api: kernel32.CreateThread @ 0x401395
or:
string: "cmd.exe" @ 0x4012FD
...
```
Additionally, capa also supports analyzing [CAPE](https://github.com/kevoreilly/CAPEv2) sandbox reports for dynamic capabilty extraction.
In order to use this, you first submit your sample to CAPE for analysis, and then run capa against the generated report (JSON).
Here's an example of running capa against a packed binary, and then running capa against the CAPE report of that binary:
```yaml
$ capa 05be49819139a3fdcdbddbdefd298398779521f3d68daa25275cc77508e42310.exe
WARNING:capa.capabilities.common:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WARNING:capa.capabilities.common: This sample appears to be packed.
WARNING:capa.capabilities.common:
WARNING:capa.capabilities.common: Packed samples have often been obfuscated to hide their logic.
WARNING:capa.capabilities.common: capa cannot handle obfuscation well using static analysis. This means the results may be misleading or incomplete.
WARNING:capa.capabilities.common: If possible, you should try to unpack this input file before analyzing it with capa.
WARNING:capa.capabilities.common: Alternatively, run the sample in a supported sandbox and invoke capa against the report to obtain dynamic analysis results.
WARNING:capa.capabilities.common:
WARNING:capa.capabilities.common: Identified via rule: (internal) packer file limitation
WARNING:capa.capabilities.common:
WARNING:capa.capabilities.common: Use -v or -vv if you really want to see the capabilities identified by capa.
WARNING:capa.capabilities.common:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$ capa 05be49819139a3fdcdbddbdefd298398779521f3d68daa25275cc77508e42310.json
┍━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┑
│ ATT&CK Tactic │ ATT&CK Technique │
┝━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┿━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┥
│ CREDENTIAL ACCESS │ Credentials from Password Stores T1555 │
├────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ DEFENSE EVASION │ File and Directory Permissions Modification T1222 │
│ │ Modify Registry T1112 │
│ │ Obfuscated Files or Information T1027 │
│ │ Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion::User Activity Based Checks T1497.002 │
├────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ DISCOVERY │ Account Discovery T1087 │
│ │ Application Window Discovery T1010 │
│ │ File and Directory Discovery T1083 │
│ │ Query Registry T1012 │
│ │ System Information Discovery T1082 │
│ │ System Location Discovery::System Language Discovery T1614.001 │
│ │ System Owner/User Discovery T1033 │
├────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ EXECUTION │ System Services::Service Execution T1569.002 │
├────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ PERSISTENCE │ Boot or Logon Autostart Execution::Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder T1547.001 │
│ │ Boot or Logon Autostart Execution::Winlogon Helper DLL T1547.004 │
│ │ Create or Modify System Process::Windows Service T1543.003 │
┕━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┙
┍━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┑
│ Capability │ Namespace │
┝━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┿━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┥
│ check for unmoving mouse cursor (3 matches) │ anti-analysis/anti-vm/vm-detection │
│ gather bitkinex information │ collection/file-managers │
│ gather classicftp information │ collection/file-managers │
│ gather filezilla information │ collection/file-managers │
│ gather total-commander information │ collection/file-managers │
│ gather ultrafxp information │ collection/file-managers │
│ resolve DNS (23 matches) │ communication/dns │
│ initialize Winsock library (7 matches) │ communication/socket │
│ act as TCP client (3 matches) │ communication/tcp/client │
│ create new key via CryptAcquireContext │ data-manipulation/encryption │
│ encrypt or decrypt via WinCrypt │ data-manipulation/encryption │
│ hash data via WinCrypt │ data-manipulation/hashing │
│ initialize hashing via WinCrypt │ data-manipulation/hashing │
│ hash data with MD5 │ data-manipulation/hashing/md5 │
│ generate random numbers via WinAPI │ data-manipulation/prng │
│ extract resource via kernel32 functions (2 matches) │ executable/resource │
│ interact with driver via control codes (2 matches) │ host-interaction/driver │
│ get Program Files directory (18 matches) │ host-interaction/file-system │
│ get common file path (575 matches) │ host-interaction/file-system │
│ create directory (2 matches) │ host-interaction/file-system/create │
│ delete file │ host-interaction/file-system/delete │
│ get file attributes (122 matches) │ host-interaction/file-system/meta │
│ set file attributes (8 matches) │ host-interaction/file-system/meta │
│ move file │ host-interaction/file-system/move │
│ find taskbar (3 matches) │ host-interaction/gui/taskbar/find │
│ get keyboard layout (12 matches) │ host-interaction/hardware/keyboard │
│ get disk size │ host-interaction/hardware/storage │
│ get hostname (4 matches) │ host-interaction/os/hostname │
│ allocate or change RWX memory (3 matches) │ host-interaction/process/inject │
│ query or enumerate registry key (3 matches) │ host-interaction/registry │
│ query or enumerate registry value (8 matches) │ host-interaction/registry │
│ delete registry key │ host-interaction/registry/delete │
│ start service │ host-interaction/service/start │
│ get session user name │ host-interaction/session │
│ persist via Run registry key │ persistence/registry/run │
│ persist via Winlogon Helper DLL registry key │ persistence/registry/winlogon-helper │
│ persist via Windows service (2 matches) │ persistence/service │
┕━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┙
```
capa uses a collection of rules to identify capabilities within a program.
These rules are easy to write, even for those new to reverse engineering.
By authoring rules, you can extend the capabilities that capa recognizes.
In some regards, capa rules are a mixture of the OpenIOC, Yara, and YAML formats.
Here's an example rule used by capa:
```yaml
rule:
meta:
name: create TCP socket
namespace: communication/socket/tcp
authors:
- william.ballenthin@mandiant.com
- joakim@intezer.com
- anushka.virgaonkar@mandiant.com
scopes:
static: basic block
dynamic: call
mbc:
- Communication::Socket Communication::Create TCP Socket [C0001.011]
examples:
- Practical Malware Analysis Lab 01-01.dll_:0x10001010
features:
- or:
- and:
- number: 6 = IPPROTO_TCP
- number: 1 = SOCK_STREAM
- number: 2 = AF_INET
- or:
- api: ws2_32.socket
- api: ws2_32.WSASocket
- api: socket
- property/read: System.Net.Sockets.TcpClient::Client
```
The [github.com/mandiant/capa-rules](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules) repository contains hundreds of standard library rules that are distributed with capa.
Please learn to write rules and contribute new entries as you find interesting techniques in malware.
If you use IDA Pro, then you can use the [capa explorer](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/tree/master/capa/ida/plugin) plugin.
capa explorer helps you identify interesting areas of a program and build new capa rules using features extracted directly from your IDA Pro database.
If you use Ghidra, you can use the Python 3 [Ghidra feature extractor](/capa/ghidra/). This integration enables capa to extract features directly from your Ghidra database, which can help you identify capabilities in programs that you analyze using Ghidra.
# further information
## capa
- [Installation](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/doc/installation.md)
- [Usage](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/doc/usage.md)
- [Limitations](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/doc/limitations.md)
- [Contributing Guide](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md)
## capa rules
- [capa-rules repository](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules)
- [capa-rules rule format](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules/blob/master/doc/format.md)
## capa testfiles
The [capa-testfiles repository](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-testfiles) contains the data we use to test capa's code and rules
Raw data
{
"_id": null,
"home_page": "",
"name": "flare-capa",
"maintainer": "",
"docs_url": null,
"requires_python": ">=3.8",
"maintainer_email": "",
"keywords": "malware analysis,reverse engineering,capability detection,software behaviors,capa,FLARE",
"author": "",
"author_email": "Willi Ballenthin <william.ballenthin@mandiant.com>, Moritz Raabe <moritz.raabe@mandiant.com>, Mike Hunhoff <michael.hunhoff@mandiant.com>",
"download_url": "https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/78/bc/4c2763a6a7395a8a4dcafa765fc776dfee9e5ce8172c86ceee9db5cf9015/flare-capa-7.0.1.tar.gz",
"platform": null,
"description": "\n\n[](https://pypi.org/project/flare-capa)\n[](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/releases)\n[](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules)\n[](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/actions?query=workflow%3ACI+event%3Apush+branch%3Amaster)\n[](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/releases)\n[](LICENSE.txt)\n\ncapa detects capabilities in executable files.\nYou run it against a PE, ELF, .NET module, shellcode file, or a sandbox report and it tells you what it thinks the program can do.\nFor example, it might suggest that the file is a backdoor, is capable of installing services, or relies on HTTP to communicate.\n\nCheck out our capa blog posts:\n- [Dynamic capa: Exploring Executable Run-Time Behavior with the CAPE Sandbox](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/dynamic-capa-executable-behavior-cape-sandbox)\n- [capa v4: casting a wider .NET](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/blog/capa-v4-casting-wider-net) (.NET support)\n- [ELFant in the Room \u2013 capa v3](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/elfant-in-the-room-capa-v3) (ELF support)\n- [capa 2.0: Better, Stronger, Faster](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/capa-2-better-stronger-faster)\n- [capa: Automatically Identify Malware Capabilities](https://www.mandiant.com/resources/capa-automatically-identify-malware-capabilities)\n\n```\n$ capa.exe suspicious.exe\n\n+------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n| ATT&CK Tactic | ATT&CK Technique |\n|------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n| DEFENSE EVASION | Obfuscated Files or Information [T1027] |\n| DISCOVERY | Query Registry [T1012] |\n| | System Information Discovery [T1082] |\n| EXECUTION | Command and Scripting Interpreter::Windows Command Shell [T1059.003] |\n| | Shared Modules [T1129] |\n| EXFILTRATION | Exfiltration Over C2 Channel [T1041] |\n| PERSISTENCE | Create or Modify System Process::Windows Service [T1543.003] |\n+------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------+\n\n+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+\n| CAPABILITY | NAMESPACE |\n|-------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------|\n| check for OutputDebugString error | anti-analysis/anti-debugging/debugger-detection |\n| read and send data from client to server | c2/file-transfer |\n| execute shell command and capture output | c2/shell |\n| receive data (2 matches) | communication |\n| send data (6 matches) | communication |\n| connect to HTTP server (3 matches) | communication/http/client |\n| send HTTP request (3 matches) | communication/http/client |\n| create pipe | communication/named-pipe/create |\n| get socket status (2 matches) | communication/socket |\n| receive data on socket (2 matches) | communication/socket/receive |\n| send data on socket (3 matches) | communication/socket/send |\n| connect TCP socket | communication/socket/tcp |\n| encode data using Base64 | data-manipulation/encoding/base64 |\n| encode data using XOR (6 matches) | data-manipulation/encoding/xor |\n| run as a service | executable/pe |\n| get common file path (3 matches) | host-interaction/file-system |\n| read file | host-interaction/file-system/read |\n| write file (2 matches) | host-interaction/file-system/write |\n| print debug messages (2 matches) | host-interaction/log/debug/write-event |\n| resolve DNS | host-interaction/network/dns/resolve |\n| get hostname | host-interaction/os/hostname |\n| create a process with modified I/O handles and window | host-interaction/process/create |\n| create process | host-interaction/process/create |\n| create registry key | host-interaction/registry/create |\n| create service | host-interaction/service/create |\n| create thread | host-interaction/thread/create |\n| persist via Windows service | persistence/service |\n+-------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+\n```\n\n# download and usage\n\nDownload stable releases of the standalone capa binaries [here](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/releases). You can run the standalone binaries without installation. capa is a command line tool that should be run from the terminal.\n\nTo use capa as a library or integrate with another tool, see [doc/installation.md](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/doc/installation.md) for further setup instructions.\n\nFor more information about how to use capa, see [doc/usage.md](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/doc/usage.md).\n\n# example\n\nIn the above sample output, we ran capa against an unknown binary (`suspicious.exe`),\nand the tool reported that the program can send HTTP requests, decode data via XOR and Base64,\ninstall services, and spawn new processes.\nTaken together, this makes us think that `suspicious.exe` could be a persistent backdoor.\nTherefore, our next analysis step might be to run `suspicious.exe` in a sandbox and try to recover the command and control server.\n\nBy passing the `-vv` flag (for very verbose), capa reports exactly where it found evidence of these capabilities.\nThis is useful for at least two reasons:\n\n - it helps explain why we should trust the results, and enables us to verify the conclusions, and\n - it shows where within the binary an experienced analyst might study with IDA Pro\n\n```\n$ capa.exe suspicious.exe -vv\n...\nexecute shell command and capture output\nnamespace c2/shell\nauthor matthew.williams@mandiant.com\nscope function\natt&ck Execution::Command and Scripting Interpreter::Windows Command Shell [T1059.003]\nreferences https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/processthreadsapi/ns-processthreadsapi-startupinfoa\nfunction @ 0x4011C0\n and:\n match: create a process with modified I/O handles and window @ 0x4011C0\n and:\n number: 257 = STARTF_USESTDHANDLES | STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW @ 0x4012B8\n or:\n number: 68 = StartupInfo.cb (size) @ 0x401282\n or: = API functions that accept a pointer to a STARTUPINFO structure\n api: kernel32.CreateProcess @ 0x401343\n match: create pipe @ 0x4011C0\n or:\n api: kernel32.CreatePipe @ 0x40126F, 0x401280\n optional:\n match: create thread @ 0x40136A, 0x4013BA\n or:\n and:\n os: windows\n or:\n api: kernel32.CreateThread @ 0x4013D7\n or:\n and:\n os: windows\n or:\n api: kernel32.CreateThread @ 0x401395\n or:\n string: \"cmd.exe\" @ 0x4012FD\n...\n```\n\nAdditionally, capa also supports analyzing [CAPE](https://github.com/kevoreilly/CAPEv2) sandbox reports for dynamic capabilty extraction.\nIn order to use this, you first submit your sample to CAPE for analysis, and then run capa against the generated report (JSON).\n\nHere's an example of running capa against a packed binary, and then running capa against the CAPE report of that binary:\n\n```yaml\n$ capa 05be49819139a3fdcdbddbdefd298398779521f3d68daa25275cc77508e42310.exe\nWARNING:capa.capabilities.common:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\nWARNING:capa.capabilities.common: This sample appears to be packed.\nWARNING:capa.capabilities.common: \nWARNING:capa.capabilities.common: Packed samples have often been obfuscated to hide their logic.\nWARNING:capa.capabilities.common: capa cannot handle obfuscation well using static analysis. This means the results may be misleading or incomplete.\nWARNING:capa.capabilities.common: If possible, you should try to unpack this input file before analyzing it with capa.\nWARNING:capa.capabilities.common: Alternatively, run the sample in a supported sandbox and invoke capa against the report to obtain dynamic analysis results.\nWARNING:capa.capabilities.common: \nWARNING:capa.capabilities.common: Identified via rule: (internal) packer file limitation\nWARNING:capa.capabilities.common: \nWARNING:capa.capabilities.common: Use -v or -vv if you really want to see the capabilities identified by capa.\nWARNING:capa.capabilities.common:--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n$ capa 05be49819139a3fdcdbddbdefd298398779521f3d68daa25275cc77508e42310.json\n\n\u250d\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u252f\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2511\n\u2502 ATT&CK Tactic \u2502 ATT&CK Technique \u2502\n\u251d\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u253f\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2525\n\u2502 CREDENTIAL ACCESS \u2502 Credentials from Password Stores T1555 \u2502\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524\n\u2502 DEFENSE EVASION \u2502 File and Directory Permissions Modification T1222 \u2502\n\u2502 \u2502 Modify Registry T1112 \u2502\n\u2502 \u2502 Obfuscated Files or Information T1027 \u2502\n\u2502 \u2502 Virtualization/Sandbox Evasion::User Activity Based Checks T1497.002 \u2502\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524\n\u2502 DISCOVERY \u2502 Account Discovery T1087 \u2502\n\u2502 \u2502 Application Window Discovery T1010 \u2502\n\u2502 \u2502 File and Directory Discovery T1083 \u2502\n\u2502 \u2502 Query Registry T1012 \u2502\n\u2502 \u2502 System Information Discovery T1082 \u2502\n\u2502 \u2502 System Location Discovery::System Language Discovery T1614.001 \u2502\n\u2502 \u2502 System Owner/User Discovery T1033 \u2502\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524\n\u2502 EXECUTION \u2502 System Services::Service Execution T1569.002 \u2502\n\u251c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2524\n\u2502 PERSISTENCE \u2502 Boot or Logon Autostart Execution::Registry Run Keys / Startup Folder T1547.001 \u2502\n\u2502 \u2502 Boot or Logon Autostart Execution::Winlogon Helper DLL T1547.004 \u2502\n\u2502 \u2502 Create or Modify System Process::Windows Service T1543.003 \u2502\n\u2515\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2537\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2519\n\n\u250d\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u252f\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2511\n\u2502 Capability \u2502 Namespace \u2502\n\u251d\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u253f\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2525\n\u2502 check for unmoving mouse cursor (3 matches) \u2502 anti-analysis/anti-vm/vm-detection \u2502\n\u2502 gather bitkinex information \u2502 collection/file-managers \u2502\n\u2502 gather classicftp information \u2502 collection/file-managers \u2502\n\u2502 gather filezilla information \u2502 collection/file-managers \u2502\n\u2502 gather total-commander information \u2502 collection/file-managers \u2502\n\u2502 gather ultrafxp information \u2502 collection/file-managers \u2502\n\u2502 resolve DNS (23 matches) \u2502 communication/dns \u2502\n\u2502 initialize Winsock library (7 matches) \u2502 communication/socket \u2502\n\u2502 act as TCP client (3 matches) \u2502 communication/tcp/client \u2502\n\u2502 create new key via CryptAcquireContext \u2502 data-manipulation/encryption \u2502\n\u2502 encrypt or decrypt via WinCrypt \u2502 data-manipulation/encryption \u2502\n\u2502 hash data via WinCrypt \u2502 data-manipulation/hashing \u2502\n\u2502 initialize hashing via WinCrypt \u2502 data-manipulation/hashing \u2502\n\u2502 hash data with MD5 \u2502 data-manipulation/hashing/md5 \u2502\n\u2502 generate random numbers via WinAPI \u2502 data-manipulation/prng \u2502\n\u2502 extract resource via kernel32 functions (2 matches) \u2502 executable/resource \u2502\n\u2502 interact with driver via control codes (2 matches) \u2502 host-interaction/driver \u2502\n\u2502 get Program Files directory (18 matches) \u2502 host-interaction/file-system \u2502\n\u2502 get common file path (575 matches) \u2502 host-interaction/file-system \u2502\n\u2502 create directory (2 matches) \u2502 host-interaction/file-system/create \u2502\n\u2502 delete file \u2502 host-interaction/file-system/delete \u2502\n\u2502 get file attributes (122 matches) \u2502 host-interaction/file-system/meta \u2502\n\u2502 set file attributes (8 matches) \u2502 host-interaction/file-system/meta \u2502\n\u2502 move file \u2502 host-interaction/file-system/move \u2502\n\u2502 find taskbar (3 matches) \u2502 host-interaction/gui/taskbar/find \u2502\n\u2502 get keyboard layout (12 matches) \u2502 host-interaction/hardware/keyboard \u2502\n\u2502 get disk size \u2502 host-interaction/hardware/storage \u2502\n\u2502 get hostname (4 matches) \u2502 host-interaction/os/hostname \u2502\n\u2502 allocate or change RWX memory (3 matches) \u2502 host-interaction/process/inject \u2502\n\u2502 query or enumerate registry key (3 matches) \u2502 host-interaction/registry \u2502\n\u2502 query or enumerate registry value (8 matches) \u2502 host-interaction/registry \u2502\n\u2502 delete registry key \u2502 host-interaction/registry/delete \u2502\n\u2502 start service \u2502 host-interaction/service/start \u2502\n\u2502 get session user name \u2502 host-interaction/session \u2502\n\u2502 persist via Run registry key \u2502 persistence/registry/run \u2502\n\u2502 persist via Winlogon Helper DLL registry key \u2502 persistence/registry/winlogon-helper \u2502\n\u2502 persist via Windows service (2 matches) \u2502 persistence/service \u2502\n\u2515\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2537\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2501\u2519\n```\n\ncapa uses a collection of rules to identify capabilities within a program.\nThese rules are easy to write, even for those new to reverse engineering.\nBy authoring rules, you can extend the capabilities that capa recognizes.\nIn some regards, capa rules are a mixture of the OpenIOC, Yara, and YAML formats.\n\nHere's an example rule used by capa:\n\n```yaml\nrule:\n meta:\n name: create TCP socket\n namespace: communication/socket/tcp\n authors:\n - william.ballenthin@mandiant.com\n - joakim@intezer.com\n - anushka.virgaonkar@mandiant.com\n scopes:\n static: basic block\n dynamic: call\n mbc:\n - Communication::Socket Communication::Create TCP Socket [C0001.011]\n examples:\n - Practical Malware Analysis Lab 01-01.dll_:0x10001010\n features:\n - or:\n - and:\n - number: 6 = IPPROTO_TCP\n - number: 1 = SOCK_STREAM\n - number: 2 = AF_INET\n - or:\n - api: ws2_32.socket\n - api: ws2_32.WSASocket\n - api: socket\n - property/read: System.Net.Sockets.TcpClient::Client\n```\n\nThe [github.com/mandiant/capa-rules](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules) repository contains hundreds of standard library rules that are distributed with capa.\nPlease learn to write rules and contribute new entries as you find interesting techniques in malware.\n\nIf you use IDA Pro, then you can use the [capa explorer](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/tree/master/capa/ida/plugin) plugin.\ncapa explorer helps you identify interesting areas of a program and build new capa rules using features extracted directly from your IDA Pro database.\n\n\n\nIf you use Ghidra, you can use the Python 3 [Ghidra feature extractor](/capa/ghidra/). This integration enables capa to extract features directly from your Ghidra database, which can help you identify capabilities in programs that you analyze using Ghidra.\n\n# further information\n## capa\n- [Installation](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/doc/installation.md)\n- [Usage](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/doc/usage.md)\n- [Limitations](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/doc/limitations.md)\n- [Contributing Guide](https://github.com/mandiant/capa/blob/master/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md)\n\n## capa rules\n- [capa-rules repository](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules)\n- [capa-rules rule format](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-rules/blob/master/doc/format.md)\n\n## capa testfiles\nThe [capa-testfiles repository](https://github.com/mandiant/capa-testfiles) contains the data we use to test capa's code and rules\n",
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